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Both GFR and C Cr may be accurately calculated by comparative measurements of substances in the blood and urine, or estimated by formulas using just a blood test result (eGFR and eC Cr) The results of these tests are used to assess the excretory function of the kidneys.
Glomerular filtration rate (GFR) is the volume of fluid filtered from the renal (kidney) glomerular capillaries into the Bowman's capsule per unit time. [4] Central to the physiologic maintenance of GFR is the differential basal tone of the afferent (input) and efferent (output) arterioles (see diagram).
The estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) is a measure of kidney function. [6] Adding a race adjustment to kidney algorithms results in higher eGFR values in people identified as black. [7] [8] [9] Reasons for this vary, but it is thought to partially stem from the notion that Black persons are more muscular. [8]
Race-based kidney function metrics, particularly normalizing creatinine, pose ethical challenges in diagnosing and managing chronic kidney disease (CKD). While certain racial and ethnic groups are at higher risk, using race as a reference range may reinforce stereotypes and perpetuate health disparities.
Tubuloglomerular feedback is one of several mechanisms the kidney uses to regulate glomerular filtration rate (GFR). It involves the concept of purinergic signaling, in which an increased distal tubular sodium chloride concentration causes a basolateral release of adenosine from the macula densa cells. This initiates a cascade of events that ...
Without intervention, 20–40 percent of patients with type 2 diabetes/microalbuminuria, will evolve to macroalbuminuria. [53] Diabetic nephropathy is the most common cause of end-stage kidney disease , [ 13 ] [ 14 ] which may require hemodialysis or even kidney transplantation . [ 15 ]
The definitive treatment for hepatorenal syndrome is liver transplantation, and all other therapies can best be described as bridges to transplantation. [ 1 ] [ 23 ] While liver transplantation is by far the best available management option for HRS, the mortality of individuals with HRS has been shown to be as high as 25% within the first month ...
Stones less than 5 mm (0.2 in) in diameter pass spontaneously in up to 98% of cases, while those measuring 5 to 10 mm (0.2 to 0.4 in) in diameter pass spontaneously in less than 53% of cases. [ 85 ] Stones that are large enough to fill out the renal calyces are called staghorn stones and are composed of struvite in a vast majority of cases ...