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  2. Haversine formula - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haversine_formula

    In that case, a and b are ⁠ π / 2 ⁠ − φ 1,2 (that is, the, co-latitudes), C is the longitude separation λ 2 − λ 1, and c is the desired ⁠ d / R ⁠. Noting that sin(⁠ π / 2 ⁠ − φ) = cos(φ), the haversine formula immediately follows. To derive the law of haversines, one starts with the spherical law of cosines:

  3. Geographical distance - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geographical_distance

    The shortest distance between two points in plane is a Cartesian straight line. The Pythagorean theorem is used to calculate the distance between points in a plane. Even over short distances, the accuracy of geographic distance calculations which assume a flat Earth depend on the method by which the latitude and longitude coordinates have been ...

  4. Great-circle distance - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great-circle_distance

    A diagram illustrating great-circle distance (drawn in red) between two points on a sphere, P and Q. Two antipodal points, u and v are also shown. The great-circle distance, orthodromic distance, or spherical distance is the distance between two points on a sphere, measured along the great-circle arc between them. This arc is the shortest path ...

  5. True-range multilateration - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/True-range_multilateration

    This article largely describes 'one-time' application of the true-range multilateration technique, which is the most basic use of the technique. With reference to Fig. 1, the characteristic of 'one-time' situations is that point P and at least one of C1 and C2 change from one application of the true-range multilateration technique to the next ...

  6. Lofting coordinates - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lofting_coordinates

    Two points on a fuselage at waterline 100/fuselage station 93 and waterline 101/fuselage station 276. Lofting coordinates are used for aircraft body measurements. The system derives from the one that was used in the shipbuilding lofting process, with longitudinal axis labeled as "stations" (usually fuselage stations, frame stations, FS), transverse axis as "buttocks lines" (or butt lines, BL ...

  7. Map projection - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Map_projection

    A two-point equidistant projection of Eurasia. If the length of the line segment connecting two projected points on the plane is proportional to the geodesic (shortest surface) distance between the two unprojected points on the globe, then we say that distance has been preserved between those two points.

  8. Universal Transverse Mercator coordinate system - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_Transverse...

    However, it is often convenient or necessary to measure a series of locations on a single grid when some are located in two adjacent zones. Around the boundaries of large scale maps (1:100,000 or larger) coordinates for both adjoining UTM zones are usually printed within a minimum distance of 40 km on either side of a zone boundary.

  9. Rhumb line - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhumb_line

    On a Mercator projection map, any rhumb line is a straight line; a rhumb line can be drawn on such a map between any two points on Earth without going off the edge of the map. But theoretically a loxodrome can extend beyond the right edge of the map, where it then continues at the left edge with the same slope (assuming that the map covers ...