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A pneumatic buffer with sections cut away. A buffer is a part of the buffers and chain coupler system used on the railway systems of many countries, among them most of those in Europe, for attaching railway vehicles together (in North America, rolling stock instead has draft gear built into the couplers).
Buffers and chain couplers (or couplings) – also known as "buffers and screw", "screw", and "screwlink" – are the de facto International Union of Railways (UIC) standard railway coupling used in the EU and UK, and on some railways in other parts of the world, such as in South America and India, on older rolling stock.
The Norwegian coupler allows sharper curves than the buffer and chain coupler, which is an advantage on narrow gauge railways where low speeds and reduced train loads allow a simpler system. The Norwegian coupler is found only on narrow gauge railways of 1,067 mm ( 3 ft 6 in ), 1,000 mm ( 3 ft 3 + 3 ⁄ 8 in ) or less in Great Britain and its ...
The European network has traditionally been formed of many independent national railway networks with buffer and chain used near universally to allow the interchange of rolling stock. The European Union Technical Specifications for Interoperability (TSIs) for high-speed passenger rolling stock mandate the use of Scharfenberg Type 10 -compatible ...
Buffers and chain coupler from 1859 to 1873. [22]Johnston link-and-pin from 1873 to 1927 on Cape gauge, from 1906 on 2 ft (610 mm) narrow gauge in Natal. [23] [24]Bell-and-hook from 1902 on 2 ft (610 mm) narrow gauge in the Cape of Good Hope.
Prototype Mark 2 13252 fitted with dual buffer-and-chain/janney coupler at the Mid-Norfolk Railway in April 2009 Dual couplings and adapters Coupling adapter for use between Janney coupler on a locomotives and WABCO-2 couplers fitted to commuter rail multiple units at New York's Pennsylvania Station .
For a line with a maximum speed of 60 km/h (37 mph), buffer-and-chain couplers increase the minimum radius to around 150 m (164 yd; 492 ft). As narrow-gauge railways , tramways , and rapid transit systems normally do not interchange with mainline railways, instances of these types of railway in Europe often use bufferless central couplers and ...
The diagram from Beard's 1897 coupler patent [1]. Janney couplers were first patented in 1873 by Eli H. Janney (U.S. patent 138,405). [2] [3] Andrew Jackson Beard was amongst various inventors that made a multitude of improvements to the knuckle coupler; [1] Beard's patents were U.S. patent 594,059 granted 23 November 1897, which then sold for approximately $50,000, and U.S. patent 624,901 ...