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The variable loop or V loop sits between the anticodon loop and the ΨU loop and, as its name implies, varies in size from 3 to 21 bases. In some tRNAs, the "loop" is long enough to form a rigid stem, the variable arm. [14] tRNAs with a V loop more than 10 bases long is classified as "class II" and the rest is called "class I". [15]
The T-arm or T-loop is a specialized region on the tRNA molecule which acts as a special recognition site for the ribosome to form a tRNA-ribosome complex during protein biosynthesis or translation (biology). The T-arm has two components to it; the T-stem and the T-loop.
The third arm, known as the "variable arm", has a stem with optional loop. [2] One end of the chains (with a double stranded structure in which the 5' and 3' ends are adjacent to each other), the amino acids acceptor stem, usually attaches to amino acids and such reactions are often catalyzed by a specific enzymes, aminoacyl tRNA synthetase . [ 3 ]
Nucleic acid secondary structure is generally divided into helices (contiguous base pairs), and various kinds of loops (unpaired nucleotides surrounded by helices). Frequently these elements, or combinations of them, are further classified into additional categories including, for example, tetraloops, pseudoknots, and stem-loops.
In the mid-1960s, the role of tRNA in protein synthesis was being intensively studied. In 1965, Holley et al. purified and sequenced the first tRNA molecule, initially proposing that it adopted a cloverleaf structure, based largely on the ability of certain regions of the molecule to form stem loop structures. [60]
The D loop contains the base dihydrouridine, for which the arm is named. [1] The D loop's main function is that of recognition. It is widely believed that it acts as a recognition site for aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase , an enzyme involved in the aminoacylation of the tRNA molecule.
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The anticodon that recognizes a codon during the translation process is located on one of the unpaired loops in the tRNA. Two nested stem-loop structures occur in RNA pseudoknots, where the loop of one structure forms part of the second stem. Many ribozymes also feature stem-loop structures. The self-cleaving hammerhead ribozyme contains three ...