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To deal with rising resistance to existing herbicides, Bayer CropScience has been developing various genetically modified crops resistant to HPPD inhibitors: in one version, the crops are resistant to both HPPD inhibitors and glyphosate, and in collaboration with Syngenta, crops that are resistant to HPPD inhibitors and glufosinate. [12] [13]
The Enlist Weed Control System is an agricultural system that includes seeds for genetically modified crops that are resistant to Enlist (a broadleaf herbicide with two active agents, 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) and glyphosate) and the Enlist herbicide; spraying the herbicide will kill weeds but not the resulting crop.
As of 2011, herbicide-resistant GM corn was grown in 14 countries. [4] By 2012, 26 varieties of herbicide-resistant GM maize were authorised for import into the European Union, [5] but such imports remain controversial. [6] Cultivation of herbicide-resistant corn in the EU provides substantial farm-level benefits. [7]
Glyphosate is the most effective herbicide for clearing vegetation before planting crops, but it is also used in other settings like domestic gardens, car parks, pavements, vineyards and orchards.
This could be in the form of multiple insect resistant genes, multiple herbicide tolerance genes or a combination of the herbicide and insect resistant genes. Smartstax is a brand of GM maize that has eight different genes added to it, making it resistant to two types of herbicides and toxic to six different species of insects. [33]
Current Roundup Ready crops include soy, corn (maize), canola, [2] sugar beets, [3] cotton, and alfalfa, [4] with wheat [5] still under development. Additional information on Roundup Ready crops is available on the GM Crops List. [6] As of 2005, 87% of U.S. soybean fields were planted with glyphosate resistant varieties. [7] [8]
A weed that develops resistance to one herbicide typically has resistance to other herbicides with the same mode of action (MoA), so herbicides with different MoAs, or different resistance groups, are needed. Preventative weed resistance management rotates herbicide types to prevent selective breeding of resistance to the same mode of action.
Weeds resistant to multiple herbicide modes of action are also on the rise. [7] Before glyphosate, most herbicides would kill a limited number of weed species, forcing farmers to continually rotate their crops and herbicides to prevent resistance. Glyphosate disrupts the ability of most plants to construct new proteins.