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  2. Freivalds' algorithm - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freivalds'_algorithm

    Freivalds' algorithm (named after Rūsiņš Mārtiņš Freivalds) is a probabilistic randomized algorithm used to verify matrix multiplication. Given three n × n matrices A {\displaystyle A} , B {\displaystyle B} , and C {\displaystyle C} , a general problem is to verify whether A × B = C {\displaystyle A\times B=C} .

  3. List of unsolved problems in mathematics - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unsolved_problems...

    Many mathematical problems have been stated but not yet solved. These problems come from many areas of mathematics, such as theoretical physics, computer science, algebra, analysis, combinatorics, algebraic, differential, discrete and Euclidean geometries, graph theory, group theory, model theory, number theory, set theory, Ramsey theory, dynamical systems, and partial differential equations.

  4. Multiplication theorem - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiplication_theorem

    In mathematics, the multiplication theorem is a certain type of identity obeyed by many special functions related to the gamma function. For the explicit case of the gamma function, the identity is a product of values; thus the name.

  5. Stars and bars (combinatorics) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stars_and_bars_(combinatorics)

    where the multiplication is the Cauchy product of formal power series. To find the number of configurations with n objects, we want the coefficient of x n {\displaystyle x^{n}} (denoted by prefixing the expression for the generating function with [ x n ] {\displaystyle [x^{n}]} ), that is,

  6. Probability theory - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Probability_theory

    Methods of probability theory also apply to descriptions of complex systems given only partial knowledge of their state, as in statistical mechanics or sequential estimation. A great discovery of twentieth-century physics was the probabilistic nature of physical phenomena at atomic scales, described in quantum mechanics .

  7. Law of total probability - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law_of_total_probability

    The term law of total probability is sometimes taken to mean the law of alternatives, which is a special case of the law of total probability applying to discrete random variables. [ citation needed ] One author uses the terminology of the "Rule of Average Conditional Probabilities", [ 4 ] while another refers to it as the "continuous law of ...