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It is more pronounced than the lanthanide contraction because the 5f electrons are less effective at shielding than 4f electrons. [1] It is caused by the poor shielding effect of nuclear charge by the 5f electrons along with the expected periodic trend of increasing electronegativity and nuclear charge on moving from left to right.
Degenerate states are also obtained when the sum of squares of quantum numbers corresponding to different energy levels are the same. For example, the three states (n x = 7, n y = 1), (n x = 1, n y = 7) and (n x = n y = 5) all have = and constitute a degenerate set.
This page shows the electron configurations of the neutral gaseous atoms in their ground states. For each atom the subshells are given first in concise form, then with all subshells written out, followed by the number of electrons per shell.
6s 2 4f 6 5d 0 Plutonium: 94 7s 2 5f 6 6d 0 Europium: 63 6s 2 4f 7 5d 0 Americium: 95 7s 2 5f 7 6d 0 Gadolinium: 64 6s 2 4f 7 5d 1 Curium: 96 7s 2 5f 7 6d 1 Terbium: 65 6s 2 4f 9 5d 0 Berkelium: 97 7s 2 5f 9 6d 0 Dysprosium: 66 6s 2 4f 10 5d 0 Californium: 98 7s 2 5f 10 6d 0 Holmium: 67 6s 2 4f 11 5d 0 Einsteinium: 99 7s 2 5f 11 6d 0 Erbium: 68 ...
The lanthanide contraction is the greater-than-expected decrease in atomic radii and ionic radii of the elements in the lanthanide series, from left to right. It is caused by the poor shielding effect of nuclear charge by the 4f electrons along with the expected periodic trend of increasing electronegativity and nuclear charge on moving from left to right.
9/2 is from coupling of terms of these groups so 6 F o 9/2 represents final total spin quantum number S, total orbital angular momentum quantum number L and total angular momentum quantum number J in this atomic energy level. The symbols 4 F and 3 P o refer to seven and two electrons respectively so capital letters are used. 4f 7 (8 S 0)5d (7 D ...
Just as the 4f electron shells are filled in the lanthanides, the 5f electron shells are filled in the actinides. Because the 5f, 6d, 7s, and 7p shells are close in energy, many irregular configurations arise; thus, in gas-phase atoms, just as the first 4f electron only appears in cerium, so the first 5f electron appears even later, in ...
Og, 118, oganesson : 1s 2 2s 2 2p 6 3s 2 3p 6 4s 2 3d 10 4p 6 5s 2 4d 10 5p 6 6s 2 4f 14 5d 10 6p 6 7s 2 5f 14 6d 10 7p 6 Note that these electron configurations are given for neutral atoms in the gas phase, which are not the same as the electron configurations for the same atoms in chemical environments.