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Social disruption is a term used in sociology to describe the alteration, dysfunction or breakdown of social life, often in a community setting. Social disruption implies a radical transformation, in which the old certainties of modern society are falling away and something quite new is emerging. [ 1 ]
The free school movement, also known as the new schools or alternative schools movement, was an American education reform movement during the 1960s and early 1970s that sought to change the aims of formal schooling through alternative, independent community schools.
Freedom Schools were temporary, alternative, and free schools for African Americans mostly in the South. They were originally part of a nationwide effort during the Civil Rights Movement to organize African Americans to achieve social, political and economic equality in the United States .
The Tinker test, also known as the "substantial disruption" test, is still used by courts today to determine whether a school's interest to prevent disruption infringes upon students' First Amendment rights. The Court famously opined, "It can hardly be argued that either students or teachers shed their constitutional rights to freedom of speech ...
Justice, Justice: School Politics and the Eclipse of Liberalism (Peter Lang, 2004) Perlstein, Daniel. "Community Control of Schools" in Encyclopedia of African American Education, ed by Kofo Lomotey (Sage, 2010) pp 182–184. Ravitch, Diane. The great school wars: A history of the New York City public schools (1974) partly online pp 308–391
The movement for compulsory public education (in other words, prohibiting private schools and requiring all children to attend public schools) in the United States began in the early 1920s. It started with the Smith-Towner bill, a bill that would eventually establish the National Education Association and provide federal funds to public schools.
List of democratic schools, in which students have the freedom to design their own curriculum and participate in running the school; London Free School, a counterculture community school of UK Underground also involved with the creation of the Notting Hill Carnival; Free School of Evanston, a school in Evanston, Illinois, US; Freedom School, an ...
The Supreme Court ruled broadly that students' freedom of speech was not limited simply for being on school grounds, but schools do have a compelling interest to limit speech that may "materially and substantially interfere with the requirements of appropriate discipline in the operation of the school", what is known as the Tinker test for ...