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Sterilization procedures are generally considered to have a low risk of side effects, though some persons and organizations disagree. [ 9 ] [ 10 ] Female sterilization is a more significant operation than vasectomy, and has greater risks; in industrialized nations, mortality is 4 per 100,000 tubal ligations, versus 0.1 per 100,000 vasectomies.
While female sterilization procedures are highly effective at preventing pregnancy, there is a small continuing risk of unintended pregnancy after tubal ligation. [10] Several factors influence the likelihood of failure: increased time since sterilization, younger age at the time of sterilization, and certain methods of sterilization are all ...
The proportion of women using female sterilization was highest for black women (22%), followed by Hispanic women (20%) and white women (15%). Reverse sterilization trends by race occurred for the male partners of the women: 8% of male partners of white women used male sterilization, but it dropped to 3% of the partners of Hispanic women and ...
In the developing world overall, 35% of birth control is via female sterilization, 30% is via IUDs, 12% is via oral contraceptives, 11% is via condoms, and 4% is via male sterilization. [ 141 ] While less used in the developed countries than the developing world, the number of women using IUDs as of 2007 was more than 180 million. [ 66 ]
Essure was a device for female sterilization. It is a metal coil which when placed into each fallopian tube induces fibrosis and blockage. [1] Essure was designed as an alternative to tubal ligation. However, it was recalled by Bayer in 2018, and the device is no longer sold due to complications secondary to its implantation.
[10]: 64 The original 1997 law punished contraventions with a prison sentence of one to ten years [9] and the updated law as of 5 September 2019 sets a prison sentence of at least 3 years. [10] The prison sentence is a maximum of three years if the sterilisation is involuntary, under Art. 156 §2.
Irving Operation is a gynaecological operative technique for permanent sterilization in women. It was proposed to reduce the failure rate of Pomeroy procedure for female sterilization. In Irving operation, the proximal part of fallopian tube is buried back into the myometrium, thereby obstructing its lumen. [1]
The Pearl Index, also called the Pearl rate, is the most common technique used in clinical trials for reporting the effectiveness of a birth control method. It is a very approximate measure of the number of unintended pregnancies in 100 woman-years of exposure that is simple to calculate, but has a number of methodological deficiencies.