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There are several ways to measure glycated hemoglobin, of which HbA1c (or simply A1c) is a standard single test. [5] HbA1c is measured primarily to determine the three-month average blood sugar level and is used as a standard diagnostic test for evaluating the risk of complications of diabetes and as an assessment of glycemic control .
Prediabetes is a component of metabolic syndrome and is characterized by elevated blood sugar levels that fall below the threshold to diagnose diabetes mellitus.It usually does not cause symptoms but people with prediabetes often have obesity (especially abdominal or visceral obesity), dyslipidemia with high triglycerides and/or low HDL cholesterol, and hypertension. [1]
In the blood, there is a molecule called hemoglobin which carries oxygen to the cells. Glucose can attach itself to this molecule and if the BG is consistently high, the value of the A1c will go up. This test, unlike the other tests, is measured as a percentage because the test measure the proportion of all the hemoglobin that has glucose attached.
People in the 592 HbA1c trials had a mean age of 58.9 years (42.3% female), and for the 23 trials that reported major adverse cardiovascular events, the mean age was 64 years (35.3% female).
In a healthy adult male of 75 kg (165 lb) with a blood volume of 5 L, a blood glucose level of 5.5 mmol/L (100 mg/dL) amounts to 5 g, equivalent to about a teaspoonful of sugar. [14] Part of the reason why this amount is so small is that, to maintain an influx of glucose into cells, enzymes modify glucose by adding phosphate or other groups to it.
Healthcare providers can also monitor someone's hemoglobin A1C levels which reflect the average blood sugar over the last three months. [51] The American Diabetes Association recommends a goal of keeping hemoglobin A1C levels under 7% for most adults and 7.5% for children. [51] [52]