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Balantidium coli is a parasitic species of ciliate alveolates that causes the disease balantidiasis. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] It is the only member of the ciliate phylum known to be pathogenic to humans. [ 1 ] [ 2 ]
Balantidium coli observed in patients with dysentery was originally described as Paramecium coli by Malmstein in 1857. In 1858, Edouard Claparède and Johannes Lachmann created the genus Balantidium and reclassified B. entozoon as its type species. [3] Stein in 1863, reclassified Paramecium coli into the genus Balantidium.
Balantidium coli exists in either of two developmental stages: trophozoites and cysts. [3] In the trophozoite form, they can be oblong or spherical, and are typically 30 to 150 μm in length and 25 to 120 μm in width. [4] It is its size at this stage that allows Balantidium coli to be characterized as the largest protozoan parasite of humans. [3]
The LacUV5 promoter is derived from the E. coli wildtype lac promoter but exhibits an increased transcription strength due to two mutations that facilitate its interaction with a native E. coli RNAP σ-factor. [7] In E. coli BL21(DE3) the expression of the T7-RNAP is suppressed by the constitutively expressed LacI repressor.
Balantidium coli (Balantidiasis) is an example of a member of the phylum Ciliophora. Balantidiasis is the only ciliate known to be capable of infecting humans, and swine are the primary reservoir host. [27] Balantidiasis is opportunistic and rare in Western countries. [28]
The Balantidium coli species has a worldwide distribution, but is more frequent in subtropical and temperate climates. The medical condition balantidiasis is particularly prevalent where poor hygiene and undernourishment weaken a population coincide with living in close contact with pigs, the main reservoir for the species.
McFarland standards. No. 0.5, 1 and 2. In microbiology, McFarland standards are used as a reference to adjust the turbidity of bacterial suspensions so that the number of bacteria will be within a given range to standardize microbial testing.
The cytostome forms an invagination on the cell surface and is typically directed towards the nucleus of the cell. [2] The cytostome is often labeled as the entire invagination, but in fact the cytostome only constitutes the opening of the invagination at the surface of the cell.