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Starting from a major chord, for example G major (G–B–D), there are twelve potential goals using a common-tone modulation: G minor, G ♯ minor, B ♭ major, B major, B minor, C major, C minor, D minor, D major, E ♭ major, E major, E minor. [14] Thus common-tone modulations are convenient for modulation by diatonic or chromatic third.
In the key of C major, these would be: D minor, E minor, F major, G major, A minor, and C minor. Despite being three sharps or flats away from the original key in the circle of fifths, parallel keys are also considered as closely related keys as the tonal center is the same, and this makes this key have an affinity with the original key.
[1] [2] For example, G major and G minor have the same tonic (G) but have different modes, so G minor is the parallel minor of G major. This relationship is different from that of relative keys, a pair of major and minor scales that share the same notes but start on different tonics (e.g., G major and E minor).
Dp stands for Dominant-parallel. The word "parallel" in German has the meaning of "relative" in English. G major and E minor are called parallel keys. The G major chord and the E minor chord in the key of C major are called parallel chords in the Riemann system. —
For example, in the key of C major the diatonic mediant and submediant are E minor and A minor respectively. Their parallel majors are E major and A major. The mediants of the parallel minor of C major (C minor) are E ♭ major and A ♭ major. Thus, by this conservative definition, C major has four chromatic mediants: E major, A major, E ...
A-flat minor, its enharmonic, has seven flats, whereas G-sharp minor only has five sharps; thus G-sharp minor is sometimes used as the parallel minor for A-flat major. (The same enharmonic situation occurs with the keys of D-flat major and C-sharp minor, and in some cases, with the keys of G-flat major and F-sharp minor).
A modulating sequence is a sequence that leads from one tonal center to the next, with each segment technically being in a different key in some sequences: [2] Mozart Minuet in F, K 5 Mozart Minuet in F K6. The above passage starts in F major and modulates to Bb major and then, via the chord of G, to C major.
The second subject group can start in a particular key and then modulate to that key's parallel major or minor. In the first movement of Brahms' Symphony No. 1 (in C minor), the second subject group begins in the relative E ♭ major and goes to the parallel mediant E ♭ minor.