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A socket wrench (or socket spanner) is a type of spanner (or wrench [1] in North American English) that uses a closed socket format, rather than a typical open wrench/spanner to turn a fastener, typically in the form of a nut or bolt. [2] The most prevalent form is the ratcheting socket wrench, often informally called a ratchet.
Animation of ratchet gear (green) and pawl (pink). Red arrows indicate which way force is applied to the gear. A ratchet featuring a gear (1) and pawl (2) mounted on a base (3) Animation of ratchet gear rack (green) and pawl (pink).
A set of metric spanners or wrenches, open at one end and box/ring at the other. These are commonly known as “combination” spanners. A wrench or spanner is a tool used to provide grip and mechanical advantage in applying torque to turn objects—usually rotary fasteners, such as nuts and bolts—or keep them from turning.
Breaker bar. A breaker bar (also known as a power bar) is a long non-ratcheting bar that is used with socket wrench-style sockets.They are used to break loose very tight fasteners because their additional length allows the same amount of force to generate significantly more torque than a standard length socket wrench.
An adjustable spanner (UK and most other English-speaking countries), also called a shifting spanner (Australia and New Zealand) [1] or adjustable wrench (US and Canada), [a] is any of various styles of spanner (wrench) with a movable jaw, allowing it to be used with different sizes of fastener head (nut, bolt, etc.) rather than just one fastener size, as with a conventional fixed spanner.
Ratcheting is a progressive, incremental inelastic deformation characterized by a shift of the stress-strain hysteresis loop along the strain axis. [4] When the amplitude of cyclic stresses exceed the elastic limit, the plastic deformation that occurs keep accumulating paving way for a catastrophic failure of the structure.