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Health disparities refer to gaps in the quality of health and health care across racial and ethnic groups. [13] The US Health Resources and Services Administration defines health disparities as "population-specific differences in the presence of disease, health outcomes, or access to health care". [14]
Health disparities are also due in part to cultural factors that involve practices based not only on sex, but also gender status. For example, in China, health disparities have distinguished medical treatment for men and women due to the cultural phenomenon of preference for male children. [91]
These health disparities are in part caused by different levels of income across the five groups recognized by the U.S. Census. [14] There are also notable differences in access to healthcare and the quality of healthcare received by those who identify with different racial categories. Bias and racism also contribute to disparities in health ...
Black patients in particular have a long history of receiving contrasting medical treatment based on different perceptions of the pain thresholds of Black people. [5] [6] The eugenics movement is an example of how racial bias affected the treatment of women of color, specifically African American women. However, medical racism has not been ...
The 2010 Affordable Care Act (ACA) established by the Obama administration in the United States, embodied the ideas put in place by the WHO by bridging the gap between community-based health and healthcare as a medical treatment, meaning that a larger consideration of social determinants of health was emerging in the policy. [129]
The way health care is organized in the U.S. contributes to health inequalities based on gender, socioeconomic status and race/ethnicity. [77] As Wright and Perry assert, "social status differences in health care are a primary mechanism of health inequalities". In the United States, over 48 million people are without medical care coverage. [78]
In recent decades, there has been increasing attention given to the disparity between the treatment of pain in females compared to males. [8] [22] Chronic pain is more prevalent in women than in men, and women report more severe, frequent, and prolonged cases of pain; however, they are less likely to receive adequate health treatment.
First, it seeks to identify and address gender-based differences and inequalities in all health initiatives; and second, it works to implement initiatives that address women's specific health needs that are a result either of biological differences between women and men (e.g. maternal health) or of gender-based discrimination in society (e.g ...