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  2. Birthday problem - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birthday_problem

    In probability theory, the birthday problem asks for the probability that, in a set of n randomly chosen people, at least two will share a birthday. The birthday paradox refers to the counterintuitive fact that only 23 people are needed for that probability to exceed 50%. The birthday paradox is a veridical paradox: it seems wrong at first ...

  3. Probability - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Probability

    Probability is the branch of mathematics concerning events and numerical descriptions of how likely they are to occur. The probability of an event is a number between 0 and 1; the larger the probability, the more likely an event is to occur. [note 1] [1] [2] A simple example is the tossing of a fair (unbiased) coin. Since the coin is fair, the ...

  4. Conditional probability - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conditional_probability

    t. e. In probability theory, conditional probability is a measure of the probability of an event occurring, given that another event (by assumption, presumption, assertion or evidence) is already known to have occurred. [1] This particular method relies on event A occurring with some sort of relationship with another event B.

  5. Law of total probability - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law_of_total_probability

    The law of total probability is [1] a theorem that states, in its discrete case, if is a finite or countably infinite set of mutually exclusive and collectively exhaustive events, then for any event. or, alternatively, [1] where, for any , if , then these terms are simply omitted from the summation since is finite.

  6. List of probability distributions - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_probability...

    The Bernoulli distribution, which takes value 1 with probability p and value 0 with probability q = 1 − p. The Rademacher distribution, which takes value 1 with probability 1/2 and value −1 with probability 1/2. The binomial distribution, which describes the number of successes in a series of independent Yes/No experiments all with the same ...

  7. Monty Hall problem - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monty_Hall_problem

    Monty Hall problem. In search of a new car, the player chooses a door, say 1. The game host then opens one of the other doors, say 3, to reveal a goat and offers to let the player switch from door 1 to door 2. The Monty Hall problem is a brain teaser, in the form of a probability puzzle, based nominally on the American television game show Let ...

  8. Probability theory - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Probability_theory

    Probability theory or probability calculus is the branch of mathematics concerned with probability. Although there are several different probability interpretations, probability theory treats the concept in a rigorous mathematical manner by expressing it through a set of axioms. Typically these axioms formalise probability in terms of a ...

  9. Probability distribution - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Probability_distribution

    t. e. In probability theory and statistics, a probability distribution is the mathematical function that gives the probabilities of occurrence of possible outcomes for an experiment. [1][2] It is a mathematical description of a random phenomenon in terms of its sample space and the probabilities of events (subsets of the sample space). [3]