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Propranolol, like other beta blockers, is classified as pregnancy category C in the United States and ADEC category C in Australia. β-blocking agents in general reduce perfusion of the placenta, which may lead to adverse outcomes for the neonate, including lung or heart complications, or premature birth.
Figure 1: The chemical structure of dichloroisoprenaline or dichloroisoproterenol (), abbreviated DCI — the first β-blocker to be developed. β adrenergic receptor antagonists (also called beta-blockers or β-blockers) were initially developed in the 1960s, for the treatment of angina pectoris but are now also used for hypertension, congestive heart failure and certain arrhythmias. [1]
Pregnancy category. The pregnancy category of a medication is an assessment of the risk of fetal injury due to the pharmaceutical, if it is used as directed by the mother during pregnancy. It does not include any risks conferred by pharmaceutical agents or their metabolites in breast milk.
Drugs in pregnancy. Women should speak to their doctor or healthcare professional before starting or stopping any medications while pregnant. [1] Non-essential drugs and medications should be avoided while pregnant. Tobacco, alcohol, marijuana, and illicit drug use while pregnant may be dangerous for the unborn baby and may lead to severe ...
The main medical use for pizotifen is for the prevention of migraine and cluster headache. Pizotifen is one of a range of medications used for this purpose, other options include propranolol, topiramate, valproic acid, cyproheptadine and amitriptyline. While pizotifen is effective in adults, [2] evidence of efficacy in children is limited, [3 ...
Use is not recommended during pregnancy [3] and alternative drugs are preferred when breastfeeding. [7] It works by blocking β 1-adrenergic receptors in the heart, thus decreasing the heart rate and workload. [3] Atenolol was patented in 1969 and approved for medical use in 1975. [8] It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential ...
Metoprolol. Metoprolol, sold under the brand name Lopressor among others, is a medication used to treat angina and a number of conditions involving an abnormally fast heart rate. [4] It is also used to prevent further heart problems after myocardial infarction and to prevent headaches in those with migraines. [4]
Nicergoline is known to enhance the cardiac depressive effects of propranolol. [6] At high dosages, it is advisable to seek one's physician's guidance if combining with potent vasodilators such as bromocriptine , Ginkgo biloba , picamilon , vinpocetine or xantinol nicotinate .