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Bottom right: completed solar wafers. In electronics, a wafer (also called a slice or substrate) [ 1 ] is a thin slice of semiconductor, such as a crystalline silicon (c-Si, silicium), used for the fabrication of integrated circuits and, in photovoltaics, to manufacture solar cells. The wafer serves as the substrate for microelectronic devices ...
Wafer fabrication is a procedure composed of many repeated sequential processes to produce complete electrical or photonic circuits on semiconductor wafers in semiconductor device fabrication process. Examples include production of radio frequency (RF) amplifiers, LEDs, optical computer components, and microprocessors for computers.
Semiconductor device manufacturing has since spread from Texas and California in the 1960s to the rest of the world, including Asia, Europe, and the Middle East. Wafer size has grown over time, from 25 mm in 1960, to 50 mm in 1969, 100 mm in 1976, 125 mm in 1981, 150 mm in 1983 and 200 mm in 1992. [41] [42]
Wafer size – largest wafer diameter that a facility is capable of processing. (Semiconductor wafers are circular.) Process technology node – size of the smallest features that the facility is capable of etching onto the wafers. Production capacity – a manufacturing facility's nameplate capacity. Generally max wafers produced per month.
A die, in the context of integrated circuits, is a small block of semiconducting material on which a given functional circuit is fabricated. Typically, integrated circuits are produced in large batches on a single wafer of electronic-grade silicon (EGS) or other semiconductor (such as GaAs) through processes such as photolithography.
A boule is a single-crystal ingot produced by synthetic means. [1] A boule of silicon is the starting material for most of the integrated circuits used today. In the semiconductor industry synthetic boules can be made by a number of methods, such as the Bridgman technique [2] and the Czochralski process, which result in a cylindrical rod of ...