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  2. Electrophilic halogenation - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrophilic_halogenation

    Electrophilic halogenation. In organic chemistry, an electrophilic aromatic halogenation is a type of electrophilic aromatic substitution. This organic reaction is typical of aromatic compounds and a very useful method for adding substituents to an aromatic system. A few types of aromatic compounds, such as phenol, will react without a catalyst ...

  3. Surface chemistry of microvasculature - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surface_chemistry_of...

    Surface charges on vessel walls affect the flow of ions through the capillaries and fluid mechanics in microvasculature. A charged endothelial lining creates a bound layer of ions where diffusion occurs between the cell walls and lumen, also known as the stern layer.

  4. Bioenergetics - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bioenergetics

    Bioenergetics is a field in biochemistry and cell biology that concerns energy flow through living systems. [1] This is an active area of biological research that includes the study of the transformation of energy in living organisms and the study of thousands of different cellular processes such as cellular respiration and the many other ...

  5. Lignin - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lignin

    Lignin plays a crucial part in conducting water and aqueous nutrients in plant stems. The polysaccharide components of plant cell walls are highly hydrophilic and thus permeable to water, whereas lignin is more hydrophobic. The crosslinking of polysaccharides by lignin is an obstacle for water absorption to the cell wall.

  6. Casparian strip - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casparian_strip

    The Casparian strip is a band-like thickening in the center of the root endodermis (radial and tangential walls of endodermal cells) of vascular plants (Pteridophytes [1] and Spermatophytes). The composition of the region is mainly suberin, lignin and some structural proteins, which are capable of reducing the diffusive apoplastic flow of water ...

  7. Cell synchronization - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_synchronization

    Cell synchronization is a process by which cells in a culture at different stages of the cell cycle are brought to the same phase. Cell synchrony is a vital process in the study of cells progressing through the cell cycle as it allows population-wide data to be collected rather than relying solely on single-cell experiments.

  8. Naturally occurring phenols - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naturally_occurring_phenols

    In biochemistry, naturally occurring phenols are natural products containing at least one phenol functional group. [ 1 ][ 2 ][ 3 ] Phenolic compounds are produced by plants and microorganisms. [ 4 ] Organisms sometimes synthesize phenolic compounds in response to ecological pressures such as pathogen and insect attack, UV radiation and wounding. [ 5 ] As they are present in food consumed in ...

  9. Pressure flow hypothesis - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pressure_Flow_Hypothesis

    The pressure flow hypothesis, also known as the mass flow hypothesis, is the best-supported theory to explain the movement of sap through the phloem of plants. [1][2] It was proposed in 1930 by Ernst Münch, a German plant physiologist. [3] Organic molecules such as sugars, amino acids, certain hormones, and messenger RNAs are known to be transported in the phloem through the cells called ...

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    electrophilic halogenation phenols