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The Licence Raj or Permit Raj (rāj, meaning "rule" in Hindi) [1] is a pejorative for the system of strict government control and regulation of the Indian economy that was in place from the 1950s to the early 1990s. Under this system, businesses in India were required to obtain licences from the government in order to operate, and these ...
The medieval guild was established by charters or letters patent or similar authority by the city or the ruler and normally held a monopoly on trade in its craft within the city in which it operated: handicraft workers were forbidden by law to run any business if they were not members of a guild, and only masters were allowed to be members of a ...
The Allarde Decree was a decree adopted by the French National Constituent Assembly on March 2, 1791, and formally enacted on March 17, 1791. Named after Pierre d'Allarde, the decree abolished the rights and privileges of guilds and introduced the principle of freedom of trade and industry in France.
The term guild is a broad term to describe the relationship between different species using the same resource. Since it is difficult to classify a guild it can be broken down into two more specific categories, alpha guilds and beta guilds. Alpha guild is specifically related to species that share a resource used within the same community. [10]
Along with manigramam and ainurruvar (the Ayyavole Five Hundred), the anjuvannam merchant guild played a major role in the commercial activities of southern India in the medieval period. [3] Unlike manigiramam merchant guild, which was also operating in Indian hinterland, the presence of anjuvannam is found only in coastal towns. [1]
Sankarappadi guild and Saliya Nagarattar guild: were specialised merchant guilds that functioned in urban centres. [15] Manigramam guild: flourished in Tamil Nadu in the Pallava and Chola periods and was active in South-east Asia. [16] Nakara guild: also known as Nagara and Nakaramu. [17] They were a body of Vaishya devotees of Nakaresvara.
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Guild socialism is a political movement advocating workers' control of industry through the medium of trade-related guilds "in an implied contractual relationship with the public". [1] It originated in the United Kingdom and was at its most influential in the first quarter of the 20th century.