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The Pledge of Allegiance: A Revised History and Analysis, 1892–2007 (Free State Press, Inc.) ISBN 978-0-9650620-2-2 Excerpt, Chapter Eight: "Under God" and Other Questions About the Pledge. Ellis, Richard J. (2005). To the Flag: The Unlikely History of the Pledge of Allegiance (Lawrence: University of Kansas Press) ISBN 0-7006-1372-2
Francis Julius Bellamy was born on May 18, 1855, in Mount Morris, New York to Rev. David Bellamy (1806–1864) and Lucy Clark. [2] His family was deeply involved in the Baptist church and both Francis and his father became ministers. The family moved to Rome, New York, when Francis was only 5. Here, Bellamy became an active member of the First ...
The inventor of the Bellamy salute was James B. Upham, junior partner and editor of The Youth's Companion. [2] Bellamy recalled that Upham, upon reading the pledge, came into the posture of the salute, snapped his heels together, and said, "Now up there is the flag; I come to salute; as I say 'I pledge allegiance to my flag', I stretch out my right hand and keep it raised while I say the ...
Gobitis (1940) West Virginia State Board of Education v. Barnette, 319 U.S. 624 (1943), is a landmark decision by the United States Supreme Court holding that the First Amendment protects students from being compelled to salute the American flag or say the Pledge of Allegiance in public schools. [1][2] Barnette overruled a 1940 decision on the ...
On September 8, 1892, the magazine published the first copy of the Pledge of Allegiance, written by staff member Francis Bellamy. From 1893–1907, Johnson Morton (Harvard 1886) served as an editor. In later years the magazine published articles from Willa Cather and Winston Churchill .
The Confederate oath of allegiance, an oath of allegiance to the Confederate States of America, was taken by officers and enlisted men of the CSA (1861–1865) during the American Civil War. [2][3] In contrast to the American oath of allegiance, Confederates swore "allegiance to the Confederate States without mention of allegiance to their ...
Barnette, 319 U.S. 624 (1943) Minersville School District v. Gobitis, 310 U.S. 586 (1940), was a decision by the Supreme Court of the United States restricting the religious rights of public school students under the First Amendment to the United States Constitution. The Court ruled that public schools could compel students—in this case ...
Category. : Pledge of Allegiance. Wikimedia Commons has media related to Pledge of Allegiance. The Pledge of Allegiance of the United States is an oath of loyalty to the national flag and the republic of the United States of America, originally composed by Francis Bellamy in 1892.