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Here, is the green mass of the wood, is its oven dry mass (the attainment of constant mass generally after drying in an oven set at 103 ± 2 °C (218 ± 4 °F) for 24 hours as mentioned by Walker et al., 1993). The equation can also be expressed as a fraction of the mass of the water and the mass of the oven dry wood rather than a percentage.
Drying hops for brewing (known as a hop kiln or oast house) Drying corn (grain) before grinding or storage, sometimes called a corn kiln, corn drying kiln [8] Drying green lumber so it can be used immediately; Drying wood for use as firewood; Heating wood to the point of pyrolysis to produce charcoal; Extracting pine tar from pine tree logs or ...
A modern double oven. This is a list of oven types. An oven is a thermally insulated chamber used for the heating, baking or drying of a substance, [1] and most times used for cooking or for industrial processes (industrial oven). Kilns and furnaces are special-purpose ovens.
Torrefaction is a thermochemical treatment of biomass at 200 to 320 °C (392 to 608 °F). It is carried out under atmospheric pressure and in the absence of oxygen.During the torrefaction process, the water contained in the biomass as well as superfluous volatiles are released, and the biopolymers (cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin) partly decompose, giving off various types of volatiles. [4]
To reduce the drying time to a number of days from the normal one to three years, an external heating source such as a kiln or oven can be used. The process of kiln or oven drying firewood was invented by Anthony Cutara, for which a successful US patent was filed in 1983. [22]
The Thermo wood process consists of drying, heat treatment and finally cooling/conditioning, and takes up to 72 hours. [4] The Plato process consists of hydrothermolysis, dry curing and conditioning, and can take up to 7 days. The required time depends on wood species, width and initial moisture content. [5]
Mills that have a kiln on site have the option of artificially accelerating the drying process. Green timber is placed inside a large oven, where heat removes moisture from them; however, they can suffer severe checking and cracking if the kiln controls are not properly monitored during the drying process.
A kiln is a high-temperature oven used in wood drying, ceramics and cement manufacturing to convert mineral feedstock (in the form of clay or calcium or aluminum rocks) into a glassier, more solid form.