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Nuclear genes (in the cell nucleus of a plant) encode the vast majority of plastid proteins; and the expression of nuclear and plastid genes is co-regulated to coordinate the development and differention of plastids. Many plastids, particularly those responsible for photosynthesis, possess numerous internal membrane layers.
Plastids are specialized double-membrane organelles found in plant cells. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] Plastids perform a variety of functions such as metabolism of energy, and biological reactions. [ 2 ] [ 3 ] There are multiple types of plastids recognized including Leucoplasts , Chromoplasts , and Chloroplasts . [ 2 ]
Structure of a plant cell. Plant cells are the cells present in green plants, photosynthetic eukaryotes of the kingdom Plantae.Their distinctive features include primary cell walls containing cellulose, hemicelluloses and pectin, the presence of plastids with the capability to perform photosynthesis and store starch, a large vacuole that regulates turgor pressure, the absence of flagella or ...
Extensive networks of stromules interconnecting leucoplasts have been observed in epidermal cells of roots, hypocotyls, and petals, and in callus and suspension culture cells of tobacco. In some cell types at certain stages of development, leucoplasts are clustered around the nucleus with stromules extending to the cell periphery, as observed ...
A gerontoplast is a plastid that develops from a chloroplast during the senescing of plant foliage. [1] Gerontoplast development is generally seen to be the process of grana being unstacked, loss of thylakoid membranes , and large accumulation of plastoglobuli .
They are enclosed by the inner and outer plastid envelope membranes [9] and enable the transfer of molecules as large as RuBisCO (~560 kDa) between interconnected plastids. [5] Stromules occur in all cell types, but stromule morphology and the proportion of plastids with stromules vary from tissue to tissue and at different stages of plant ...
Cellulose and starch are the main ergastic substances of plant cells. Cellulose is the chief component of the cell wall, and starch occurs as a reserve material in the protoplasm. Starch, as starch grains, arise almost exclusively in plastids, especially leucoplasts and amyloplasts.
Within the plant, elaioplasts, as well as all other plastids, arise from proplastids in the dividing portion of the stem ().These proplastids have not yet differentiated and, as such, can develop into any variety of known plastids, determined by the tissues they are present in. [6] In vegetative cells, proplastids usually follow a unidirectional pathway of development with no reversals between ...