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A monohybrid cross is a cross between two organisms with different variations at one genetic locus of interest. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] The character(s) being studied in a monohybrid cross are governed by two or multiple variations for a single location of a gene.
The forked-line method (also known as the tree method and the branching system) can also solve dihybrid and multi-hybrid crosses. A problem is converted to a series of monohybrid crosses, and the results are combined in a tree. However, a tree produces the same result as a Punnett square in less time and with more clarity.
In conducting a monohybrid cross, Mendel initiated the experiment with a pair of pea plants exhibiting contrasting traits, one being tall and the other dwarf. Through cross-pollination, the resulting offspring plants manifested the tall trait. These first-generation hybrids were termed F1, with their offspring referred to as Filial or F1 progeny.
In this monohybrid cross the dominant allele encodes for the colour red and the recessive allele encodes for the colour white. Mendel's work was published in 1866 as "Versuche über Pflanzen-Hybriden" ( Experiments on Plant Hybridisation ) in the Verhandlungen des Naturforschenden Vereins zu Brünn (Proceedings of the Natural History Society of ...
In his cross-pollination experiments involving two true-breeding, or homozygous, parents, Mendel found that the resulting F1 generation was heterozygous and consistent. The offspring showed a combination of the phenotypes from each parent that were genetically dominant. Mendel's discoveries involving the F1 and F2 generations laid the ...
In coordination chemistry, a ligand [a] is an ion or molecule with a functional group that binds to a central metal atom to form a coordination complex. The bonding with the metal generally involves formal donation of one or more of the ligand's electron pairs , often through Lewis bases . [ 1 ]
Fluorescence microscopy relies upon fluorescent compounds, or fluorophores, in order to image biological systems.Since fluorescence and phosphorescence are competitive methods of relaxation, a fluorophore that undergoes intersystem crossing to the triplet excited state no longer fluoresces and instead remains in the triplet excited state, which has a relatively long lifetime, before ...
In organic chemistry, a cross-coupling reaction is a reaction where two different fragments are joined. Cross-couplings are a subset of the more general coupling reactions. Often cross-coupling reactions require metal catalysts. One important reaction type is this: