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Astatine is the rarest naturally occurring element. [j] The total amount of astatine in the Earth's crust (quoted mass 2.36 × 10 25 grams) [108] is estimated by some to be less than one gram at any given time. [8] Other sources estimate the amount of ephemeral astatine, present on earth at any given moment, to be up to one ounce [109] (about ...
World Book Encyclopedia, Exploring Earth. HyperPhysics, Georgia State University, Abundance of Elements in Earth's Crust. Eric Scerri, The Periodic Table, Its Story and Its Significance, Oxford University Press, 2007 "EarthRef.org Digital Archive (ERDA) -- Major Element Composition of the Core vs the Bulk Earth". earthref.org
The abundance of the chemical elements is a measure of the occurrences of the chemical elements relative to all other elements in a given environment. Abundance is measured in one of three ways: by mass fraction (in commercial contexts often called weight fraction), by mole fraction (fraction of atoms by numerical count, or sometimes fraction of molecules in gases), or by volume fraction.
Iridium is one of the rarest elements in Earth's crust, with an estimated annual production of only 6,800 kilograms (15,000 lb) in 2023. The dominant uses of iridium are the metal itself and its alloys, as in high-performance spark plugs , crucibles for recrystallization of semiconductors at high temperatures, and electrodes for the production ...
It is one of the rarest and most valuable precious metals. Rhodium is a group 9 element (cobalt group). Rhodium is found in platinum or nickel ores with the other members of the platinum group metals. It was discovered in 1803 by William Hyde Wollaston in one such ore, and named for the rose color of one of its chlorine compounds.
Lanthanum usually occurs together with cerium and the other rare earth elements. Lanthanum was first found by the Swedish chemist Carl Gustaf Mosander in 1839 as an impurity in cerium nitrate – hence the name lanthanum, from the ancient Greek λανθάνειν (lanthanein), meaning 'to lie hidden'. Although it is classified as a rare earth ...
Yttrium is almost always found in combination with lanthanide elements in rare-earth minerals and is never found in nature as a free element. 89 Y is the only stable isotope and the only isotope found in the Earth's crust. The most important present-day use of yttrium is as a component of phosphors, especially those used in LEDs.
Beryllium has a concentration of 2 to 6 parts per million (ppm) in the Earth's crust and is the 47th most abundant element. [35] [36] It is most concentrated in the soils at 6 ppm. [36] Trace amounts of 9 Be are found in the Earth's atmosphere. [36] The concentration of beryllium in sea water is 0.2–0.6 parts per trillion.