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Algebra is the branch of mathematics that studies certain abstract systems, known as algebraic structures, and the manipulation of expressions within those systems. It is a generalization of arithmetic that introduces variables and algebraic operations other than the standard arithmetic operations, such as addition and multiplication.
The scope of algebra thus grew to include the study of algebraic structures. This object of algebra was called modern algebra or abstract algebra, as established by the influence and works of Emmy Noether. [36] Some types of algebraic structures have useful and often fundamental properties, in many areas of mathematics.
Equally important as the use or lack of symbolism in algebra was the degree of the equations that were addressed. Quadratic equations played an important role in early algebra; and throughout most of history, until the early modern period, all quadratic equations were classified as belonging to one of three categories.
The Math Myth describes the approach of the contemporary American education system towards mathematics as a "self-delusion", especially critiquing the Common Core standards and the role of obtuse and abstract mathematics in impeding the mathematical literacy of students, arguing that current methods lead to higher drop out rates.
These equations induce equivalence classes on the free algebra; the quotient algebra then has the algebraic structure of a group. Some structures do not form varieties, because either: It is necessary that 0 ≠ 1, 0 being the additive identity element and 1 being a multiplicative identity element, but this is a nonidentity;
In mathematics, more specifically algebra, abstract algebra or modern algebra is the study of algebraic structures, which are sets with specific operations acting on their elements. [1] Algebraic structures include groups , rings , fields , modules , vector spaces , lattices , and algebras over a field .
The high-water mark of Chinese mathematics occurred in the 13th century during the latter half of the Song dynasty (960–1279), with the development of Chinese algebra. The most important text from that period is the Precious Mirror of the Four Elements by Zhu Shijie (1249–1314), dealing with the solution of simultaneous higher order ...
Elementary algebra, also known as high school algebra or college algebra, [1] encompasses the basic concepts of algebra. It is often contrasted with arithmetic : arithmetic deals with specified numbers , [ 2 ] whilst algebra introduces variables (quantities without fixed values).