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Auditory processing disorder (APD), rarely known as King-Kopetzky syndrome, is a neurodevelopmental disorder affecting the way the brain processes sounds. [2] Individuals with APD usually have normal structure and function of the ear, but cannot process the information they hear in the same way as others do, which leads to difficulties in recognizing and interpreting sounds, especially the ...
Auditory neuropathy spectrum disorder (ANSD) is a specific form of hearing loss defined by the presence of normal or near-normal otoacoustic emissions (OAEs) but the absence of normal middle ear reflexes and severely abnormal or completely absent auditory brainstem response (ABRs).
Spatial hearing loss can be diagnosed using the Listening in Spatialized Noise – Sentences test (LiSN-S), [25] which was designed to assess the ability of children with central auditory processing disorder (CAPD) to understand speech in background noise.
Patients with auditory neuropathy spectrum disorders have to date never been shown to have normal middle ear muscle reflexes at 95 dB HL or less despite having normal otoacoustic emissions. [ 5 ] Auditory neuropathy can occur spontaneously, or in combination with diseases like Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease and Friedreich's ataxia .
It is often due to diffuse axonal injury and demyelination. There may be peripheral and central symptoms, such as reduced auditory understanding in a complex listening environment, central auditory processing disorder and auditory hallucination. [23] Hyperacusis, that is the hypersensitivity to environmental noise can also develop. [24]
Cortical deafness is a rare form of sensorineural hearing loss caused by damage to the primary auditory cortex.Cortical deafness is an auditory disorder where the patient is unable to hear sounds but has no apparent damage to the structures of the ear (see auditory system).
In most cases the disorder is transient and the symptoms mitigate into auditory agnosia (although chronic cases were reported [25]). Similarly, a monkey study [26] that ablated both auditory cortices of monkeys reported of deafness that lasted 1 week in all cases, and that was gradually mitigated into auditory agnosia in a period of 3–7 weeks.
They believed that the external environment influences the auditory hallucinations, showing worsening of symptoms in quieter environments than in noisier ones. [ 8 ] [ 17 ] [ 18 ] Oliver Sacks' patient, Mrs. O'C, reported being in an "ocean of sound" despite being in a quiet room due to a small thrombosis or infarction in her right temporal lobe.