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A supersaturated solution of sodium acetate in water is supplied with a device to initiate crystallization, a process that releases substantial heat. Solubility from CRC Handbook. Sodium acetate trihydrate crystals melt at 58–58.4 °C (136.4–137.1 °F), [12] [13] and the liquid sodium acetate dissolves in the released water of crystallization.
Blood tests are also used to assess kidney function. These include tests that are intended to directly measure the function of the kidneys, as well as tests that assess the function of the kidneys by looking for evidence of problems associated with abnormal function. One of the measures of kidney function is the glomerular filtration rate (GFR).
Phosphate nephropathy or nephrocalcinosis [1] is an adverse renal condition that arises with a formation of phosphate crystals within the kidney's tubules. This renal insufficiency is associated with the use of oral sodium phosphate (OSP) such as C.B. Fleet's Phospho soda and Salix's Visocol, for bowel cleansing prior to a colonoscopy.
These additional tests will measure serum, electrolytes, calcium, and phosphate, and the urine pH. [10] If no underlying cause can be found then urine collection should be done for 24 hours and measurements of the excretion of calcium, phosphate, oxalate , citrate , and creatinine are looked at.
Kidney stones are primarily composed of calcium salts, with the most common being calcium oxalate (70-80%), followed by calcium phosphate and uric acid. When urine contains high concentrations of these ions, they can form crystals and eventually stones. [41] The formation of kidney stones occurs in three main phases: [41]
Struvite kidney stones are also known as triple phosphate stones (calcium magnesium ammonium phosphate), owing to the presence of carbonate apatite that precipitates to accompany struvite at high pH. [10] [11] [12] Struvite and carbonate apatite precipitate in alkaline urine, forming kidney stones.