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The Examination for the Certificate in Competency in English (ECCE) is a high-intermediate level English language qualification that focuses on Level B2 of the Common European Framework of Reference for Languages (CEFR). It is developed by CaMLA, a not-for-profit collaboration between the University of Michigan and the University of Cambridge.
The Examination for the Certificate in Proficiency in English (ECPE) is an advanced level English language qualification that focuses on Level C2 of the Common European Framework of Reference for Languages (CEFR). It is developed by CaMLA, a not-for-profit collaboration between the University of Michigan and the University of Cambridge.
The theory of the least objectionable program (LOP) is a mediological theory explaining television audience behavior. [1] It was developed in the 1960s by then executive of audience measurement at NBC , Paul L. Klein , [ 2 ] [ 3 ] who was greatly influenced by the media theorist Marshall McLuhan 's Understanding Media .
An EAP program focuses instruction on skills required to perform in an English-speaking academic context across core subject areas generally encountered in a college or a university setting. [1] Programs may also include a more narrow focus on the more specific linguistic demands of a particular area of study, for example business subjects.
While targeting "English language students and researchers" (p. 45), an abridged version of the grammar was released in 2002, Longman Student Grammar of Spoken and Written English, together with a workbook entitled Longman Student Grammar of Spoken and Written English Workbook, to be used by students on university and teacher-training courses.
Verbal context influences the way an expression is understood; hence the norm of not citing people out of context. Since much contemporary linguistics takes texts, discourses, or conversations as the object of analysis, the modern study of verbal context takes place in terms of the analysis of discourse structures and their mutual relationships ...
An intergovernmental symposium in 1991 titled "Transparency and Coherence in Language Learning in Europe: Objectives, Evaluation, Certification" held by the Swiss Federal Authorities in the Swiss municipality of Rüschlikon found the need for a common European framework for languages to improve the recognition of language qualifications and help teachers co-operate.
The complement of a context-sensitive language is itself context-sensitive [10] a result known as the Immerman–Szelepcsényi theorem. Membership of a string in a language defined by an arbitrary context-sensitive grammar, or by an arbitrary deterministic context-sensitive grammar, is a PSPACE-complete problem.