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  2. 1862 State of the Union Address - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1862_State_of_the_Union...

    The 1862 State of the Union Address was written by the 16th president of the United States, Abraham Lincoln, and delivered to the 37th United States Congress, on Monday, December 1, 1862, amid the ongoing American Civil War. [1] This address was Lincoln's longest State of the Union Address, consisting of 8,385 words. [2]

  3. Aristocrat Cipher - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aristocrat_Cipher

    The Aristocrat Cipher is a type of monoalphabetic substitution cipher in which plaintext is replaced with ciphertext and encoded into assorted letters, numbers, and symbols based on a keyword. The formatting of these ciphers generally includes a title, letter frequency, keyword indicators, and the encoder's nom de plume . [ 1 ]

  4. Natural aristocracy - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_aristocracy

    The natural aristocracy is a concept developed by Thomas Jefferson in 1813 which describes a political elite that derives its power from talent and virtue (or merit). He distinguishes this from traditional aristocracies, which he refers to as the artificial aristocracy, a ruling elite that derives its power solely from inherited status, or wealth and birth.

  5. The Aristocrats - AOL

    www.aol.com/news/aristocrats-140000012.html

    The problem with that language is that every jackass who is out there “doing my own research” is someone who “investigates information that concerns matters of public interest,” and ...

  6. Committees of correspondence - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Committees_of_correspondence

    The brainchild of Samuel Adams, a Patriot from Boston, the committees sought to establish, through the writing of letters, an underground network of communication among Patriot leaders in the Thirteen Colonies. The committees were instrumental in setting up the First Continental Congress, which convened in Philadelphia in September and October ...

  7. Necessary and Proper Clause - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Necessary_and_Proper_Clause

    Concerned that monied aristocrats in the North would take advantage of the bank to exploit the South, Madison argued that Congress lacked the constitutional authority to charter a bank. Hamilton countered that the bank was a reasonable means of carrying out powers related to taxation and the borrowing of funds and claimed that the clause ...

  8. 1831 State of the Union Address - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1831_State_of_the_Union...

    The 1831 State of the Union Address was delivered by the seventh president of the United States, Andrew Jackson, on December 6, 1831, to the 22nd United States Congress.In his third annual message, Jackson highlighted the continued prosperity of the United States, focusing on agricultural success, growth in manufacturing, and advancements in internal improvements.

  9. Francis B. Spinola - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_B._Spinola

    This motivated a newspaper article, pleading for help and referring her family, the Spinolas, as New York aristocrats, a "distinguished family". [11] Gen. Francis Spinola married Elizabeth Nancy Glazebrook, from Kings, Saratoga County, New York, at May 7, 1855, in New York City. Eliza N. Spinola, as she was known, survived her husband for five ...