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Influenza A virus structure. The influenzavirus virion is pleomorphic; the viral envelope can occur in spherical and filamentous forms. In general, the virus's morphology is ellipsoidal with particles 100–120 nm in diameter, or filamentous with particles 80–100 nm in diameter and up to 20 μm long. [5]
To unambiguously describe a specific isolate of virus, researchers use the Influenza virus nomenclature, [27] which describes, among other things, the subtype, year, and place of collection. Some examples include: [28] A/Rio de Janeiro/62434/2021 (H3N2). [28] The starting A indicates that the virus is an influenza A virus.
Influenza A virus and influenza B virus co-circulate, so have the same patterns of transmission. [1] The seasonality of influenza C virus, however, is poorly understood. Influenza C virus infection is most common in children under the age of two, and by adulthood most people have been exposed to it.
Influenza viruses are members of the family Orthomyxoviridae. [2] Influenza viruses A, B, C, and D represent the four antigenic types of influenza viruses. [3] Of the four antigenic types, influenza A virus is the most severe, influenza B virus is less severe but can still cause outbreaks, and influenza C virus is usually only associated with minor symptoms.
3D model of the flu virion. (M2 labeled in white.) The Matrix-2 (M2) protein is a proton-selective viroporin, integral in the viral envelope of the influenza A virus. The channel itself is a homotetramer (consists of four identical M2 units), where the units are helices stabilized by two disulfide bonds, and is activated by low pH.
To unambiguously describe a specific isolate of virus, researchers use the Influenza virus nomenclature, [21] which describes, among other things, the subtype, year, and place of collection. Some examples include: [22] A/Rio de Janeiro/62434/2021 (H3N2). [22] The starting A indicates that the virus is an influenza A virus.
The various strains of influenza that have infected the human population in the 20th century. Data taken from figure 2 of Palese P (December 2004). "Influenza: old and new threats". Nat. Med. 10 (12 Suppl): S82–7. DOI:10.1038/nm1141. PMID 15577936. Date: 30 April 2009, 21:13 (UTC) Source: Own work: Author: Fvasconcellos: Permission (Reusing ...
The bottom structure represents membrane debris from the cells used to amplify the virus. [15] Avian influenza is caused by the influenza A virus which principally affects birds but can also infect humans and other mammals. [16] [17] Influenza A is an RNA virus with a genome comprising a negative-sense, RNA segmented genome that encodes for 11 ...