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Use of this power base and its outcomes may be negative or positive. [5] An agent for change motivated with a strong need for affiliation and concern of likeability will prefer this power base and will influence their leadership style. [3] Ingratiation or flattery and sense of community may be used by an agent of influence to enhance their ...
Services constitute over 50% of GDP in low income countries and as their economies continue to develop, the importance of services in the economy continues to grow. [2] The service economy is also key to growth, for instance it accounted for 47% of economic growth in sub-Saharan Africa over the period 2000–2005 (industry contributed 37% and agriculture 16% in the same period). [2]
Daphne Greenwood and Richard Holt distinguish economic development from economic growth on the basis that economic development is a "broadly based and sustainable increase in the overall standard of living for individuals within a community", and measures of growth such as per capita income do not necessarily correlate with improvements in ...
Economic power refers to the ability of countries, businesses or individuals to make decisions on their own that benefit them. Scholars of international relations also refer to the economic power of a country as a factor influencing its power in international relations .
In international relations, power is defined in several different ways. [1] Material definitions of state power emphasize economic and military power. [2] [3] [4] Other definitions of power emphasize the ability to structure and constitute the nature of social relations between actors.
The phrase can be traced back to Vladimir Lenin's defense of the New Economic Policy (NEP), which saw market-oriented reforms while the state retained control of the commanding heights. Lenin used the military metaphor to justify NEP, proposing that free markets could be permitted so as long as the government retained control of certain ...
A must draw on the 'base' or combination of bases of power appropriate to the relationship to effect the desired outcome. Drawing on the wrong power base can have unintended effects, including a reduction in A's own power. French and Raven argue that there are five significant categories of such qualities, while not excluding other minor ...
In 2014, the U.S. economy was ranked first in international ranking on venture capital [81] and global research and development funding. [82] The U.S. spends around 3.46% of GDP on cutting-edge research and development across various sectors of the economy. [83] The U.S. has produced the world's highest number of Nobel laureates in the ...