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The Vickers hardness test was developed in 1921 by Robert L. Smith and George E. Sandland at Vickers Ltd as an alternative to the Brinell method to measure the hardness of materials. [1] The Vickers test is often easier to use than other hardness tests since the required calculations are independent of the size of the indenter, and the indenter ...
The Rockwell test does not use any optical equipment to measure the hardness indention, rather all calculations are done within the machine to measure the indention in the specimen. [ 13 ] The equation for Rockwell hardness is H R = N − h ∗ d {\displaystyle HR=N-h*d} , where d is the depth in mm (from the zero load point), and N and h are ...
where: L is the length of indentation along its long axis C p is the correction factor related to the shape of the indenter, ideally 0.070279 P is the load. HK values are typically in the range from 100 to 1000, when specified in the conventional units of kg f ⋅mm −2.
"HBW" means that a tungsten carbide (from the chemical symbol for tungsten or from the Spanish/Swedish/German name for tungsten, "Wolfram") ball indenter was used, as opposed to "HBS", which means a hardened steel ball. The "10" is the ball diameter in millimeters. The "3000" is the force in kilograms force.
Hardness measurements quantify the resistance of a material to plastic deformation. Indentation hardness tests compose the majority of processes used to determine material hardness, and can be divided into three classes: macro, micro and nanoindentation tests. [2] [3] Microindentation tests typically have forces less than 2 N (0.45 lb f ...
Use of the kilogram-force per square centimetre continues primarily due to older pressure measurement devices still in use. This use of the unit of pressure provides an intuitive understanding for how a body's mass, in contexts with roughly standard gravity, can apply force to a scale's surface area, i.e. kilogram-force per square (centi-)metre.
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Converts measurements to other units. Template parameters [Edit template data] This template prefers inline formatting of parameters. Parameter Description Type Status Value 1 The value to convert. Number required From unit 2 The unit for the provided value. Suggested values km2 m2 cm2 mm2 ha sqmi acre sqyd sqft sqin km m cm mm mi yd ft in kg g mg lb oz m/s km/h mph K C F m3 cm3 mm3 L mL cuft ...