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An adjustable spanner (UK and most other English-speaking countries), also called a shifting spanner (Australia and New Zealand) [1] or adjustable wrench (US and Canada), [a] is any of various styles of spanner (wrench) with a movable jaw, allowing it to be used with different sizes of fastener head (nut, bolt, etc.) rather than just one fastener size, as with a conventional fixed spanner.
The tolerances necessary to make the tools usable are listed in documents such as ASME/ANSI B18.2.2 for U.S. standards. [1] For instance, a bolt for a 1-inch nominal diameter thread might have flats that are 1.5 inches apart. The wrench for this bolt should have flats that are between 1.508 and 1.520 inches apart to allow for a little extra space.
A set of metric spanners or wrenches, open at one end and box/ring at the other. These are commonly known as “combination” spanners. A wrench or spanner is a tool used to provide grip and mechanical advantage in applying torque to turn objects—usually rotary fasteners, such as nuts and bolts—or keep them from turning.
Socket set with ratchet (above), four hex sockets and a universal joint. A socket wrench (or socket spanner) is a type of spanner (or wrench [1] in North American English) that uses a closed socket format, rather than a typical open wrench/spanner to turn a fastener, typically in the form of a nut or bolt.
A ratchet (occasionally spelled rachet) is a mechanical device that allows continuous linear or rotary motion in only one direction while preventing motion in the opposite direction. Ratchets are widely used in machinery and tools. The word ratchet is also used informally to refer to a ratcheting socket wrench.
Ratcheting is a progressive, incremental inelastic deformation characterized by a shift of the stress-strain hysteresis loop along the strain axis. [4] When the amplitude of cyclic stresses exceed the elastic limit, the plastic deformation that occurs keep accumulating paving way for a catastrophic failure of the structure.