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Swahili has become a second language spoken by tens of millions of people in the five African Great Lakes countries (Kenya, DRC, Rwanda, Uganda, and Tanzania), where it is an official or national language. It is also the first language for many people in Tanzania, especially in the coastal regions of Tanga, Pwani, Dar es Salaam, Mtwara and Lindi.
notes by Johann Flierl, Wilhelm Poland and Georg Schwarz, culminating in Walter Roth's The Structure of the Koko Yimidir Language in 1901. [207] [208] A list of 61 words recorded in 1770 by James Cook and Joseph Banks was the first written record of an Australian language. [209] 1891: Galela: grammatical sketch by M.J. van Baarda [210] 1893: Oromo
The Niger–Congo languages constitute the largest language family spoken in West Africa and perhaps the world in terms of the number of languages. [ citation needed ] One of its salient features is an elaborate noun class system with grammatical concord .
In 1960-1990s, the Swahili literature had two philosophical schools: a traditionalist one, whose proponents were inspired by the old poetic forms, and a progressive one, that sought the creation of new free verse poetry. [1] The traditionalists strongly preferred writing in dialects while the progressivists advocated for the Standard Swahili. [1]
Swahili is the national language. English and Swahili are official languages. [46] Gikuyu (8 million) Luhya (6.8 million) Kamba (4 million) Meru (Kimeru) (2.7 million)
The Bantu Swahili language written in the Arabic script on the clothes of a Tanzanian woman (early 1900s). According to Ethnologue, there are a total of 126 languages spoken in Tanzania. Two are institutional, 18 are developing, 58 are vigorous, 40 are endangered, and 8 are dying. There are also three languages that recently became extinct. [2]
This is a list of languages by total number of speakers. It is difficult to define what constitutes a language as opposed to a dialect . For example, Arabic is sometimes considered a single language centred on Modern Standard Arabic , other authors consider its mutually unintelligible varieties separate languages. [ 1 ]
The earliest written language associated with the Nilo-Saharan family is Old Nubian, one of the oldest written African languages, attested in writing from the 8th to the 15th century AD. This larger classification system is not accepted by all linguists, however.