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Mild heating results in production of hydrogen chloride, nitrogen, oxygen, and water. 4 NH 4 ClO 4 → 4 HCl + 2 N 2 + 5 O 2 + 6 H 2 O. The combustion of AP is quite complex and is widely studied. AP crystals decompose before melting, even though a thin liquid layer has been observed on crystal surfaces during high-pressure combustion processes ...
The energy released by the solvation of the ammonium ions and nitrate ions is less than the energy absorbed in breaking up the ammonium nitrate ionic lattice and the attractions between water molecules. Dissolving potassium hydroxide is exothermic, as more energy is released during solvation than is used in breaking up the solute and solvent.
Perchlorate compounds oxidize organic compounds, especially when the mixture is heated. The explosive decomposition of ammonium perchlorate is catalyzed by metals and heat. [14] As perchlorate is a weak Lewis base (i.e., a weak electron pair donor) and a weak nucleophilic anion, it is also a very weakly coordinating anion. [14]
Ammonium chlorate is an inorganic compound with the formula NH 4 ClO 3.. It is obtained by neutralizing chloric acid with either ammonia or ammonium carbonate, or by precipitating barium, strontium or calcium chlorates with ammonium carbonate or ammonium sulfate, producing the respective carbonate or sulfate precipitate and an ammonium chlorate solution.
For a fuel of composition C c H h O o N n, the (higher) heat of combustion is 419 kJ/mol × (c + 0.3 h − 0.5 o) usually to a good approximation (±3%), [2] [3] though it gives poor results for some compounds such as (gaseous) formaldehyde and carbon monoxide, and can be significantly off if o + n > c, such as for glycerine dinitrate, C 3 H 6 ...
Thermochemistry is the study of the heat energy which is associated with chemical reactions and/or phase changes such as melting and boiling. A reaction may release or absorb energy, and a phase change may do the same. Thermochemistry focuses on the energy exchange between a system and its surroundings in the form of heat. Thermochemistry is ...
IE Li, the first ionization energy of gaseous lithium. B(F–F), the standard enthalpy of atomization (or bond energy) of fluorine gas. EA F, the electron affinity of a fluorine atom. U L, the lattice energy of lithium fluoride. The sum of these enthalpies give the standard enthalpy of formation (Δ f H) of lithium fluoride:
In thermodynamics, the enthalpy of mixing (also heat of mixing and excess enthalpy) is the enthalpy liberated or absorbed from a substance upon mixing. [1] When a substance or compound is combined with any other substance or compound, the enthalpy of mixing is the consequence of the new interactions between the two substances or compounds. [ 1 ]