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DHEA does not bind to or activate the progesterone, glucocorticoid, or mineralocorticoid receptors. [19] [24] Other nuclear receptor targets of DHEA besides the androgen and estrogen receptors include the PPARα, PXR, and CAR. [25] However, whereas DHEA is a ligand of the PPARα and PXR in rodents, it is not in humans. [26]
To further test the role of activated androgen receptors on AHN, flutamide, an antiandrogen drug that competes with testosterone and dihydrotestosterone for androgen receptors, and dihydrotestosterone were administered to normal male rats. Dihydrotestosterone increased the number of BrdU cells, while flutamide inhibited these cells.
DHEA and DHEA-S are the most abundant circulating steroids in the body. [29] Plasma levels of DHEA-S are 100 or more times higher than those of DHEA, 5 to 10 times higher than those of cortisol, 100 to 500 times those of testosterone, and 1,000 to 10,000 times higher than those of estradiol. [30] [3] Levels of DHEA and DHEA-S vary throughout life.
The androgen receptor is most closely related to the progesterone receptor, and progestins in higher dosages can block the androgen receptor. [11] [12] The main function of the androgen receptor is as a DNA-binding transcription factor that regulates gene expression; [13] however, the androgen receptor has other functions as well. [14]
Androstenedione is the common precursor of the androgen and estrogen sex hormones. [7] Androstenedione can be biosynthesized in one of two ways. The primary pathway involves conversion of 17α-hydroxypregnenolone to DHEA by way of 17,20-lyase, with subsequent conversion of DHEA to androstenedione via the enzyme 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase.
Dehydroandrosterone (DHA), or 5-dehydroandrosterone (5-DHA), also known as isoandrostenolone, as well as androst-5-en-3α-ol-17-one, is an endogenous androgen steroid hormone. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] It is the 3α- epimer of dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA; androst-5-en-3β-ol-17-one) and the 5(6)- dehydrogenated and non- 5α-reduced analogue of androsterone ...
5-DHT or DHT is a male reproductive hormone that targets the prostate gland, bulbourethral gland, seminal vesicles, penis and scrotum and promotes growth/mitosis/cell maturation and differentiation. Testosterone is converted to 5-DHT by 5alpha-reductase, usually with in the target tissues of 5-DHT because of the need for high concentrations of ...
Leydig cells release a class of hormones called androgens (19-carbon steroids). [8] They secrete testosterone, androstenedione and dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA), when stimulated by the luteinizing hormone (LH), which is released from the anterior pituitary in response to gonadotropin releasing hormone which in turn is released by the hypothalamus.
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