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Diagram of stellar evolution, showing the various stages of stars with different masses. A black dwarf is a theoretical stellar remnant, specifically a white dwarf that has cooled sufficiently to no longer emit significant heat or light.
Russell's early (1913) versions of the diagram included Maury's giant stars identified by Hertzsprung, those nearby stars with parallaxes measured at the time, stars from the Hyades (a nearby open cluster), and several moving groups, for which the moving cluster method could be used to derive distances and thereby obtain absolute magnitudes for ...
The B 2 FH paper [1] was a landmark scientific paper on the origin of the chemical elements. The paper's title is Synthesis of the Elements in Stars, but it became known as B 2 FH from the initials of its authors: Margaret Burbidge, Geoffrey Burbidge, William A. Fowler, and Fred Hoyle.
Roughly speaking, the spin-down timescale of a star of spectral class M6 is somewhat long, at ~10 billion years, as fully convective stars lose their rotational speeds more slowly than others. [47] However, evolutionary models suggest that Wolf 359 is a relatively young star with an age of less than a billion years.