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The entropy of entanglement (or entanglement entropy) is a measure of the degree of quantum entanglement between two subsystems constituting a two-part composite quantum system. Given a pure bipartite quantum state of the composite system, it is possible to obtain a reduced density matrix describing knowledge of the state of a subsystem.
Entanglement of formation quantifies how much entanglement (measured in ebits) is necessary, on average, to prepare the state. The measure clearly coincides with entanglement entropy for pure states. It is zero for all separable states and non-zero for all entangled states. By construction, is convex.
A solar neutrino is a neutrino originating from nuclear fusion in the Sun's core, and is the most common type of neutrino passing through any source observed on Earth at any particular moment. [ citation needed ] Neutrinos are elementary particles with extremely small rest mass and a neutral electric charge .
The Bekenstein–Hawking entropy is a statement about the gravitational entropy of a system; however, there is another type of entropy that is important in quantum information theory, namely the entanglement (or von Neumann) entropy. This form of entropy provides a measure of how far from a pure state a given quantum state is, or, equivalently ...
Absolute entropy of strontium. The solid line refers to the entropy of strontium in its normal standard state at 1 atm pressure. The dashed line refers to the entropy of strontium vapor in a non-physical state. The standard entropy change for the formation of a compound from the elements, or for any standard reaction is designated ΔS° form or ...
As with many other objects in quantum information theory, quantum relative entropy is defined by extending the classical definition from probability distributions to density matrices. Let ρ be a density matrix. The von Neumann entropy of ρ, which is the quantum mechanical analog of the Shannon entropy, is given by
The topological entanglement entropy [1] [2] [3] or topological entropy, usually denoted by , is a number characterizing many-body states that possess topological order. A non-zero topological entanglement entropy reflects the presence of long range quantum entanglements in a many-body quantum state.
The Sun performs nuclear fusion via the proton–proton chain reaction, which converts four protons into alpha particles, neutrinos, positrons, and energy.This energy is released in the form of electromagnetic radiation, as gamma rays, as well as in the form of the kinetic energy of both the charged particles and the neutrinos.