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Tissue for grafting is harvested using a trephine that is impacted into the margin of the articular cartilage and underlying cancellous bone at the medial border of the lateral femoral condyle; The trephine is removed and the articular cartilage and cancellous bone is morselized in a graft impactor
Allografts can be referred to as "homostatic" if they are biologically inert when transplanted, such as bone and cartilage. [2] An immune response against an allograft or xenograft is termed rejection. An allogenic bone marrow transplant can result in an immune attack on the recipient, called graft-versus-host disease.
Additionally the collagen is plied in various directions around the bone. Bone has two structural forms; cortical and cancellous. [2] The viscoelasticity of bone can therefore arise from the void collapse and deossification of cancellous bone and the natural viscoelastic response of collagen as a polymer. [1] [2]
Diagram of a typical long bone showing both cortical (compact) and cancellous (spongy) bone. Haversian canals [i] (sometimes canals of Havers, osteonic canals or central canals) are a series of microscopic tubes in the outermost region of bone called cortical bone. They allow blood vessels and nerves to travel through them to supply the osteocytes.
In the cranial bones, the layers of compact cortical tissue are familiarly known as the tables of the skull; the outer one is thick and tough; the inner is thin, dense, and brittle, and hence is termed the vitreous table. The intervening cancellous tissue is called the diploë.
Mineralized osseous tissue or bone tissue, is of two types – cortical and cancellous and gives it rigidity and a coral-like three-dimensional internal structure. Other types of tissue found in bones include marrow, endosteum, periosteum, nerves, blood vessels and cartilage. Bone is an active tissue composed of different cells.
[24] [39] Additional sutures are also used to attach the allograft to the remnant of native meniscus. [37] Important points include obtaining stable and anatomic fixation of the horns of the meniscus and securing the meniscus rim to the tibia. Securing the graft in this way preserves the hoop (concentric) stresses of the meniscus.
This is because the patient's body needs to adapt to the foreign material and integrate the alloplastic implant or graft with its surrounding tissue. [ 5 ] [ 19 ] The surgical technique of alloplasty if completed incorrectly can cause significant and irreversible damage to surrounding nerves by the improper placement of osteotomy.