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For instance, to solve the inequality 4x < 2x + 1 ≤ 3x + 2, it is not possible to isolate x in any one part of the inequality through addition or subtraction. Instead, the inequalities must be solved independently, yielding x < 1 / 2 and x ≥ −1 respectively, which can be combined into the final solution −1 ≤ x < 1 / 2 .
The absolute difference of two real numbers and is given by | |, the absolute value of their difference. It describes the distance on the real line between the points corresponding to x {\displaystyle x} and y {\displaystyle y} .
where , is the inner product.Examples of inner products include the real and complex dot product; see the examples in inner product.Every inner product gives rise to a Euclidean norm, called the canonical or induced norm, where the norm of a vector is denoted and defined by ‖ ‖:= , , where , is always a non-negative real number (even if the inner product is complex-valued).
The real absolute value function is an example of a continuous function that achieves a global minimum where the derivative does not exist. The subdifferential of | x | at x = 0 is the interval [−1, 1]. [14] The complex absolute value function is continuous everywhere but complex differentiable nowhere because it violates the Cauchy–Riemann ...
Grönwall's inequality is an important tool to obtain various estimates in the theory of ordinary and stochastic differential equations. In particular, it provides a comparison theorem that can be used to prove uniqueness of a solution to the initial value problem; see the Picard–Lindelöf theorem. It is named for Thomas Hakon Grönwall (1877 ...
The first of these quadratic inequalities requires r to range in the region beyond the value of the positive root of the quadratic equation r 2 + r − 1 = 0, i.e. r > φ − 1 where φ is the golden ratio. The second quadratic inequality requires r to range between 0 and the positive root of the quadratic equation r 2 − r − 1 = 0, i.e. 0 ...
Bennett's inequality, an upper bound on the probability that the sum of independent random variables deviates from its expected value by more than any specified amount Bhatia–Davis inequality , an upper bound on the variance of any bounded probability distribution
Thus, solutions of the boundary value problem correspond to solutions of the following system of N equations: (;,) = (;,) = (;,) =. The central N−2 equations are the matching conditions, and the first and last equations are the conditions y(t a) = y a and y(t b) = y b from the boundary value problem. The multiple shooting method solves the ...