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For common tape measurements, the tape used is a steel tape with coefficient of thermal expansion C equal to 0.000,011,6 units per unit length per degree Celsius change. This means that the tape changes length by 1.16 mm per 10 m tape per 10 °C change from the standard temperature of the tape.
Luminance meter for measuring luminance, i.e. luminous flux per unit area and unit solid angle; Light meter, an instrument used to set photographic exposures. It can be either a lux meter (incident-light meter) or a luminance meter (reflected-light meter), and is calibrated in photographic units. Integrating sphere for collecting the total ...
It may be quantified in terms of an angle (angular displacement) or a distance (linear displacement). A longitudinal deformation (in the direction of the axis) is called elongation . The deflection distance of a member under a load can be calculated by integrating the function that mathematically describes the slope of the deflected shape of ...
pound (mass) per yard: used in the North American railway industry for the linear density of rails; pound (mass) per foot; pound (mass) per inch; tex, a unit of measure for the linear density of fibers, defined as the mass in grams per 1,000 meters; denier, a unit of measure for the linear density of fibers, defined as the mass in grams per ...
The weight of a rail per length is an important factor in determining rail strength and hence axleloads and speeds. Weights are measured in pounds per yard (imperial units in Canada, the United Kingdom and United States) and kilograms per metre in mainland Europe and Australia). 1 kg/m = 2.0159 lb/yd.
Torsion of a square section bar Example of torsion mechanics. In the field of solid mechanics, torsion is the twisting of an object due to an applied torque [1] [2].Torsion could be defined as strain [3] [4] or angular deformation [5], and is measured by the angle a chosen section is rotated from its equilibrium position [6].
Fabric "weight" is often specified as mass per unit area, grams per square meter (gsm) or ounces per square yard. It is also sometimes specified in ounces per yard in a standard width for the particular cloth. One gram per square meter equals 0.0295 ounces per square yard; one ounce per square yard equals 33.9 grams per square meter.
The specific weight, also known as the unit weight (symbol γ, the Greek letter gamma), is a volume-specific quantity defined as the weight W divided by the volume V of a material: = / Equivalently, it may also be formulated as the product of density, ρ, and gravity acceleration, g: = Its unit of measurement in the International System of Units (SI) is newton per cubic metre (N/m 3), with ...