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Job lists gavish (crystal quartz) alongside gold, onyx, lapis lazuli, glass, coral, and peridot as a valuable trade good. The Hebrew word gavish is a wanderwort, which probably originated in historical Nubia, modern Sudan. Greek κρύσταλλος crystallos ‘crystal quartz’ primarily meant ‘ice’, derived from κρύος kryos ‘ice’.
Metal production in the ancient Middle East. The metals of antiquity are the seven metals which humans had identified and found use for in prehistoric times in Africa, Europe and throughout Asia: [1] gold, silver, copper, tin, lead, iron, and mercury.
Hematite (/ ˈ h iː m ə ˌ t aɪ t, ˈ h ɛ m ə-/), also spelled as haematite, is a common iron oxide compound with the formula, Fe 2 O 3 and is widely found in rocks and soils. [6] Hematite crystals belong to the rhombohedral lattice system which is designated the alpha polymorph of Fe 2 O 3. It has the same crystal structure as corundum ...
The Ngwenya Mine is located on Bomvu Ridge, northwest of Mbabane and near the northwestern border of Eswatini (Swaziland). This mine is considered to be the world's oldest. The haematite ore deposit was used in the Middle Stone Age to extract red ochre, while in later times the deposit was mined for iron smelting and iron ore expo
Although hematite is today mined as an iron ore, Vaughn believes that the hematite was then being mined for use as red pigment. There are also numerous excavations that included iron minerals. [129] He noted: Even though ancient Andean people smelted some metals, such as copper, they never smelted iron like they did in the Old World ….
The tradition goes back to ancient Mesopotamia with books like Abnu šikinšu. Theophrastus (died c. 287 BC) treated rocks and other minerals as well as gems, and remained a significant indirect source for the scientific tradition; he was all but unknown in Europe in the Middle Ages, and not translated into Latin until the 15th century. [8]
The cylinder seals themselves are typically made from hardstones, and some are a form of engraved gem.They may also use glass or ceramics, like Egyptian faience.Many varieties of material such as hematite, obsidian, steatite, amethyst, lapis lazuli and carnelian were used to make cylinder seals.
Banded iron formation from the Barberton Greenstone Belt, South Africa. A typical banded iron formation consists of repeated, thin layers (a few millimeters to a few centimeters in thickness) of silver to black iron oxides, either magnetite (Fe 3 O 4) or hematite (Fe 2 O 3), alternating with bands of iron-poor chert, often red in color, of similar thickness.