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A pulse oximeter probe applied to a person's finger. A pulse oximeter is a medical device that indirectly monitors the oxygen saturation of a patient's blood (as opposed to measuring oxygen saturation directly through a blood sample) and changes in blood volume in the skin, producing a photoplethysmogram that may be further processed into other measurements. [4]
The body maintains a stable level of oxygen saturation for the most part by chemical processes of aerobic metabolism associated with breathing. Using the respiratory system , red blood cells, specifically the hemoglobin , gather oxygen in the lungs and distribute it to the rest of the body.
HTi : Hypoxic Training index, t : period of time, and SpO2 (t) : SpO2 (%), arterial oxygen saturation value measured at one-second intervals. How the HTi is calculated: Only part of the IHT session is shown, the targeted SpO2 value is 80% as an example. The filled part of the SpO2 graph represents the amount of hypoxia delivered, “dosage”.
2) enter the tissues of the body. In this case blood is oxygenated in the lungs, where oxygen molecules travel from the air into the blood. Oxygen saturation ((O 2) sats) measures the percentage of hemoglobin binding sites in the bloodstream occupied by oxygen. Fish, invertebrates, plants, and aerobic bacteria all require oxygen.
After training, the capillary volume is still the same however cardiac output is increased, resulting in a decreased capillary transit time, reducing to around 0.16s in trained individuals at maximal work rates. This does not give sufficient time for gas diffusion and results in a hypoxemia.
Hypoxia may be classified as either generalized, affecting the whole body, or local, affecting a region of the body. [2] Although hypoxia is often a pathological condition, variations in arterial oxygen concentrations can be part of the normal physiology , for example, during strenuous physical exercise .
The same changes that help the body cope with high altitude increase performance back at sea level. However, this may not always be the case. Any positive acclimatization effects may be negated by a de-training effect as the athletes are usually not able to exercise with as much intensity at high altitudes compared to sea level. [59]
Cardiorespiratory fitness can be increased by means of regular physical activity and exercise. The medical community agrees that regular physical activity plays an important role in reducing risk of cardiovascular disease, stroke, hypertension, diabetes, and a variety of other morbid conditions.