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TiCl 3 is produced usually by reduction of titanium(IV) chloride.Older reduction methods used hydrogen: [4]. 2 TiCl 4 + H 2 → 2 HCl + 2 TiCl 3. It can also be produced by the reaction of titanium metal and hot, concentrated hydrochloric acid; the reaction does not proceed at room temperature, as titanium is passivated against most mineral acids by a thin surface layer of titanium dioxide.
The McMurry reaction of benzophenone. The McMurry reaction is an organic reaction in which two ketone or aldehyde groups are coupled to form an alkene using a titanium chloride compound such as titanium(III) chloride and a reducing agent. The reaction is named after its co-discoverer, John E. McMurry.
A characteristic reaction of TiCl 4 is its easy hydrolysis, signaled by the release of HCl vapors and titanium oxides and oxychlorides. Titanium tetrachloride has been used to create naval smokescreens, as the hydrochloric acid aerosol and titanium dioxide that is formed scatter light very efficiently. This smoke is corrosive, however.
Titanium(III) compounds are characteristically violet, illustrated by this aqueous solution of titanium trichloride. Titanium tetrachloride (titanium(IV) chloride, TiCl 4 [ 18 ] ) is a colorless volatile liquid (commercial samples are yellowish) that, in air, hydrolyzes with spectacular emission of white clouds.
Because this reaction is highly exothermic (238 kJ/mol), the temperature is monitored, to guard against thermal degradation of the catalyst. The reaction is as follows: CH 2 =CH 2 + 2 CuCl 2 → 2 CuCl + ClH 2 C-CH 2 Cl. The copper(II) chloride is regenerated by sequential reactions of the cuprous chloride with oxygen and then hydrogen chloride:
Compounds of titanium in the +2 oxidation state are rarer, examples being titanocene dicarbonyl and Ti(CH 3) 2 2. [Ti(CO) 6] 2− is formally a complex of titanium in the oxidation state of −2. [4] Although Ti(III) is involved in Ziegler–Natta catalysis, the organic derivatives of Ti(III) are uncommon. One example is the dimer [Cp 2 Ti III ...
Plutonium(III) chloride – PuCl 3; Potassium chlorate – KClO 3; Potassium chloride – KCl; Potassium perchlorate – KClO 4; Praseodymium(III) chloride – PrCl 3; Protactinium(V) chloride – PaCl 5; Radium chloride – RaCl 2; Rhenium(III) chloride – ReCl 3; Rhenium(V) chloride – ReCl 5; Rhodium(III) chloride – RhCl 3; Rubidium ...
The dimeric titanium(III) complex reversibly dissociates to the monomer Cp 2 TiCl. This 15 electron species is Lewis acidic and thus binds epoxides and carbonyl compounds. [33] The complex transfers a single electron to the coordinated substrate generating an alkyl centered radical and an oxygen bound titanium(IV) species. This process is ...