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Twenty statements appeared on all three lists; the other forty items on each list were unique to that list. Participants were asked how confident they were of the truth or falsity of the statements, which concerned matters about which they were unlikely to know anything. (For example, "The first air force base was launched in New Mexico."
The 2018 Verizon Protected Health Information Data Breach Report (PHIDBR) examined 27 countries and 1368 incidents, detailing that the focus of healthcare breaches was mainly the patients, their identities, health histories, and treatment plans. According to HIPAA, 255.18 million people were affected from 3051 healthcare data breach incidents ...
Below this are sources which, while not tangible, can be providers of reliable information in some cases, for example websites associated with reliable sources of information. With any source, multiple independent confirmation is one good guideline to reliability, if several sources have independently checked a fact or assertion, then it is ...
A statement may fail to adequately convey the state of affairs regarding some topic, without that statement being an actual lie. In other cases, accuracy itself is under dispute: a certain question may indeed have a true answer, but nobody knows what it is yet, so a lack of complete information leads to people supporting a variety of possible ...
Prosecutor's fallacy – a low probability of false matches does not mean a low probability of some false match being found. [43] [44] Proving too much – an argument that results in an overly generalized conclusion (e.g.: arguing that drinking alcohol is bad because in some instances it has led to spousal or child abuse).
The p-value is not the probability that the null hypothesis is true, or the probability that the alternative hypothesis is false; it is the probability of obtaining results at least as extreme as the results actually observed under the assumption that the null hypothesis was correct, which can indicate the incompatibility of results with the ...
In statistics, the phi coefficient (or mean square contingency coefficient and denoted by φ or r φ) is a measure of association for two binary variables.. In machine learning, it is known as the Matthews correlation coefficient (MCC) and used as a measure of the quality of binary (two-class) classifications, introduced by biochemist Brian W. Matthews in 1975.
In formal logic, the statement "If today is Saturday, then 1+1=2" is true. However, '1+1=2' is true regardless of the content of the antecedent; a causal or meaningful relation is not required. The statement as a whole must be true, because 1+1=2 cannot be false. (If it could, then on a given Saturday, so could the statement).