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The 1781 Instrucciones and government correspondence described Alta California ("Upper California") as the areas to the west of the Sierra Nevada and the lower part of the Colorado River in the Lower Colorado River Valley (the river forms the present day border between the states of California and Arizona). [23]
The Adams–Onís Treaty of 1819, between the United States and Spain, established the northern limit of Alta California at latitude 42°N, which remains the boundary between the states of California, Nevada and Utah (to the south) and Oregon and Idaho (to the north) to this day. Mexico won independence in 1821, and Alta California became a ...
The southern boundary, between California and Mexico, was established by the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo that ended the Mexican–American War in 1848. The line is about 30 miles (48 km) north of the former Alta California southern boundary. The eastern boundary consists of two straight lines: a north–south line from the northern border to ...
Spanish period: An enlargeable map of the United States after the Treaty of Paris in 1783. Spanish period: An enlargeable map of the United States after the Adams–Onís Treaty took effect in 1821. Mexican period: An enlargeable map showing Alta California Territory (black) after the 1824 Constitution of Mexico.
The Baja California Peninsula is bordered on three sides by water, the Pacific Ocean (south and west) and Gulf of California (east); while Alta California had the Pacific Ocean on the west and deserts on the east. A northern boundary was established at the 42nd parallel by the Adams–Onís Treaty of 1819. That boundary line remains the ...
Outside of this zone, perhaps 200,000 to 250,000 Native Americans were continuing to lead traditional lives. The Adams–Onís Treaty, signed in 1819, set the northern boundary of the Spanish claims at the 42nd parallel, effectively creating today's northern boundary between California and Oregon.
Learn the difference between a Hispanic, Latino, and Spanish person. Hispanic describes a Spanish-speaking person while Latino is for people from Latin America.
California was partitioned in its past, prior to its admission as a state in the United States. What under Spanish rule was called the Province of Las Californias (1768–1804), that stretched almost 2,000 miles (3,200 km) from north to south, was divided into Alta California (Upper California) and Baja California (Lower