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The Anfal campaign [a] was a counterinsurgency operation which was carried out by Ba'athist Iraq from February to September 1988 during the Iraqi–Kurdish conflict at the end of the Iran–Iraq War. The campaign targeted rural Kurds [ 3 ] because its purpose was to eliminate Kurdish rebel groups and Arabize strategic parts of the Kirkuk ...
The most violent phase of the conflict between the Kurds and Iraqi Ba'athist regime was the Al-Anfal Campaign of the Iraqi Army against the Kurdish minority, which took place between 1986–1988 and included the Halabja chemical attack. The Al-Anfal campaign ended in 1988 with an agreement of amnesty between the two belligerents.
Some 4,000 villages were destroyed from 1975 until the end of the Al-Anfal Campaign in late 1980s. [1] [2]During the mid-1970s, hundreds of Kurdish villages were destroyed in the northern governorates of Ninawa and Duhok (Shorsh Resool estimate: 369), and around 150 in Diyala (Shorsh Resool estimate: 154).
As part of the Al-Anfal Campaign, during the Iran–Iraq War, Saddam's regime destroyed 3,000 to 4,000 villages and drove hundreds of thousands of Kurds to become refugees or be resettled across Iraq, [12] as well as Assyrians [14] [15] and Turkmen. Some 100,000 people were killed or died during the al-Anfal campaign, which is often equated to ...
PUK (sometimes) . Ongoing. PKK and allied groups lose most land and begin low-level insurgency; Battle of Sulaymaniyah (1991) Kurdistan Region Iraq. Defeat. Iraqi Army took back control of the town on 3 April
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Following the failed Kurdish independence referendum in 2017, as well as the subsequent defeat of the Peshmerga at the hands of the Iraqi armed forces in the 2017 Iraqi–Kurdish conflict, Iraq has taken steps to weaken Kurdistan Region and expand its own authorities in order to shift the political dynamics of the country back towards a ...
He also used chemicals in 1988 in the Al-Anfal Campaign against his civilian Kurdish population and during a popular uprising in the south in 1991. [2] [3] Although efforts to acquire chemical weapons dated back to the early 1960s (pre-dating Hussein's regime), the Iraqis did not have stockpiles at the outbreak of the war with Iran in 1980.