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For purposes of row elimination and duplicate removal, the EXCEPT operator does not distinguish between NULLs. The EXCEPT ALL operator does not remove duplicates, but if a row appears X times in the first query and Y times in the second, it will appear max ( X − Y , 0 ) {\displaystyle \max(X-Y,0)} times in the result set.
In situations where the number of unique values of a column is far less than the number of rows in the table, column-oriented storage allow significant savings in space through data compression. Columnar storage also allows fast execution of range queries (e.g., show all records where a particular column is between X and Y, or less than X.)
Without an ORDER BY clause, the order of rows returned by an SQL query is undefined. The DISTINCT keyword [3] eliminates duplicate data. [4] The OFFSET clause specifies the number of rows to skip before starting to return data. The FETCH FIRST clause specifies the number of rows to return.
There's no top-to-bottom ordering to the rows. There's no left-to-right ordering to the columns. There are no duplicate rows. Every row-and-column intersection contains exactly one value from the applicable domain (and nothing else). All columns are regular [i.e. rows have no hidden components such as row IDs, object IDs, or hidden timestamps].
There is also an IGNORE clause for the INSERT statement, [7] which tells the server to ignore "duplicate key" errors and go on (existing rows will not be inserted or updated, but all new rows will be inserted). SQLite's INSERT OR REPLACE INTO works similarly. It also supports REPLACE INTO as an alias for compatibility with MySQL. [8]
First Page: select only the first {rows} rows, depending on the type of database; Next Page: select only the first {rows} rows, depending on the type of database, where the {unique_key} is greater than {last_val} (the value of the {unique_key} of the last row in the current page)
A subset may be defined for deletion using a condition, otherwise all records are removed. [1] Some database management systems (DBMSs), like MySQL, allow deletion of rows from multiple tables with one DELETE statement (this is sometimes called multi-table DELETE).
In SQL, the unique keys have a UNIQUE constraint assigned to them in order to prevent duplicates (a duplicate entry is not valid in a unique column). Alternate keys may be used like the primary key when doing a single-table select or when filtering in a where clause, but are not typically used to join multiple tables.