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An illustration of some of the optical devices available for laboratory work in England in 1858. An optical instrument is a device that processes light waves (or photons), either to enhance an image for viewing or to analyze and determine their characteristic properties.
The CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics defines specific rotation as: For an optically active substance, defined by [α] θ λ = α/γl, where α is the angle through which plane polarized light is rotated by a solution of mass concentration γ and path length l.
Phase shift through a beam splitter with a dielectric coating. Beam splitters are sometimes used to recombine beams of light, as in a Mach–Zehnder interferometer.In this case there are two incoming beams, and potentially two outgoing beams.
A Soxhlet extractor has three main sections: a percolator (boiler and reflux) which circulates the solvent, a thimble (usually made of thick filter paper) which retains the solid to be extracted, and a siphon mechanism, which periodically empties the condensed solvent from the thimble back into the percolator.
Camera lucida in use. A camera lucida is an optical device used as a drawing aid by artists and microscopists.It projects an optical superimposition of the subject being viewed onto the surface upon which the artist is drawing.
Relascope usage. The Relascope is used by looking through the hole in the front of the instrument. When users look through this hole they will see several scales that are used for different measurements on the bottom half of their view, and on the top half they will see the tree that they are looking at.
A schematic diagram of a demethanizer extracting hydrocarbon liquids from natural gas. Raw natural gas consists primarily of methane (CH 4), the shortest and lightest hydrocarbon molecule, along with various amounts of heavier hydrocarbon gases such as ethane (C 2 H 6), propane (C 3 H 8), normal butane (n-C 4 H 10), isobutane (i-C 4 H 10), pentanes and even higher-molecular-mass hydrocarbons.