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Graeffe's method works best for polynomials with simple real roots, though it can be adapted for polynomials with complex roots and coefficients, and roots with higher multiplicity. For instance, it has been observed [ 2 ] that for a root x ℓ + 1 = x ℓ + 2 = ⋯ = x ℓ + d {\displaystyle x_{\ell +1}=x_{\ell +2}=\dots =x_{\ell +d}} with ...
Solving an equation f(x) = g(x) is the same as finding the roots of the function h(x) = f(x) – g(x). Thus root-finding algorithms can be used to solve any equation of continuous functions. However, most root-finding algorithms do not guarantee that they will find all roots of a function, and if such an algorithm does not find any root, that ...
A free implementation is available under the name of MPSolve. This is a reference implementation, which can find routinely the roots of polynomials of degree larger than 1,000, with more than 1,000 significant decimal digits. The methods for computing all roots may be used for computing real roots.
In mathematics, the multiplicity of a member of a multiset is the number of times it appears in the multiset. For example, the number of times a given polynomial has a root at a given point is the multiplicity of that root.
The roots of this polynomial are 0 and the roots of the quadratic polynomial y 2 + 2a 2 y + a 2 2 − 4a 0. If a 2 2 − 4 a 0 < 0 , then the product of the two roots of this polynomial is smaller than 0 and therefore it has a root greater than 0 (which happens to be − a 2 + 2 √ a 0 ) and we can take α as the square root of that root.
If x is a simple root of the polynomial , then Laguerre's method converges cubically whenever the initial guess, , is close enough to the root . On the other hand, when x 1 {\displaystyle \ x_{1}\ } is a multiple root convergence is merely linear, with the penalty of calculating values for the polynomial and its first and second derivatives at ...
For polynomials with real or complex coefficients, it is not possible to express a lower bound of the root separation in terms of the degree and the absolute values of the coefficients only, because a small change on a single coefficient transforms a polynomial with multiple roots into a square-free polynomial with a small root separation, and ...
This integer is called the multiplicity of the ideal . When I = m {\displaystyle I=m} is the maximal ideal of A {\displaystyle A} , one also says e {\displaystyle e} is the multiplicity of the local ring A {\displaystyle A} .